Kufunika kwa madzi aukhondo m’zaka za m’ma 1800 ku Britain kunayambitsa mtundu watsopano komanso wokongola kwambiri wa mipando ya m’misewu.Kathryn Ferry akuwunika kasupe wakumwa. Tikukhala mu nthawi ya locomotive, ya telegraph yamagetsi, ndi makina osindikizira a steam…'Art Journalmu April 1860, komabe 'ngakhale tsopano sitinapite patsogolo kwambiri kuposa kuyesa koteroko komwe kungatipangitse kuti tipereke madzi abwino ... kuti tikwaniritse zofunikira za anthu athu ochuluka.'Ogwira ntchito ku Victorian anakakamizika kuwononga ndalama pa mowa ndi gin chifukwa, chifukwa cha ubwino wonse wa mafakitale, madzi anakhalabe osasinthasintha komanso oipitsidwa kwambiri.Olimbikitsa kudziletsa ananena kuti kudalira mowa n'kumene kunayambitsa mavuto a anthu, kuphatikizapo umphaŵi, umbanda ndi umphaŵi. Akasupe akumwa aulere a anthu anayamikiridwa kukhala mbali yofunika kwambiri yothetsera vutoli.Inde, aArt Journalinanena za momwe anthu akuwolokera London ndi midzi yozungulira, 'sangathe kupeŵa kuzindikira akasupe ambiri omwe akukwera paliponse, monga momwe zingawonekere, mwamatsenga, kukhalapo.Nkhani zatsopano za mipando ya mumsewuzi zinakhazikitsidwa ndi chidwi cha anthu ambiri omwe amapereka ndalama, omwe ankafuna kupititsa patsogolo makhalidwe abwino a anthu pogwiritsa ntchito kasupe, komanso ntchito yake.Masitayelo ambiri, zizindikiro zokongoletsa, mapulogalamu osemasema ndi zida zidasokonekera ku cholinga ichi, kusiya cholowa chosiyanasiyana modabwitsa.Akasupe akale kwambiri opereka chithandizo anali ang'onoang'ono.Charles Pierre Melly, yemwe anali wamalonda wa Chiyunifolomu, anayambitsa lingaliroli m’tauni yakwawo ya Liverpool, ataona ubwino wa madzi akumwa aukhondo opezeka kwaulere paulendo wake wopita ku Geneva, Switzerland, mu 1852. Anatsegula kasupe wake woyamba pa Prince’s Dock mu March 1854, akusankha opukutidwa. red Aberdeen granite chifukwa cha kulimba kwake komanso kupereka madzi otuluka mosalekeza kuti apewe kusweka kapena kusagwira bwino kwa matepi. Kuyika pakhoma la doko, kasupe uyu anali ndi beseni lolowera lomwe lili ndi makapu akumwa omwe amangiriridwa ndi maunyolo mbali zonse, zonse zokhala ndi tsinde. (Chithunzi 1).Kwa zaka zinayi zotsatira, Melly adathandizira akasupe ena 30, kutsogolera gulu lomwe linafalikira mofulumira kumatauni ena, kuphatikizapo Leeds, Hull, Preston ndi Derby.London idatsalira kumbuyo.Ngakhale kafukufuku wa Dr John Snow yemwe adayambitsa matenda a kolera ku Soho kubwerera kumadzi kuchokera ku pampu ya Broad Street ndi zonyansa zaukhondo zomwe zinasandutsa mtsinje wa Thames kukhala mtsinje wauve, kupanga The Great Stink of1858, makampani asanu ndi anayi amadzi a London anakhalabe osasunthika.A Samuel Gurney MP, mphwake wa wochita kampeni Elizabeth Fry, adayambitsa izi, limodzi ndi barrister Edward Wakefield.Pa Epulo 12, 1859, adakhazikitsa Metropolitan Free Drinking Fountain Association ndipo, patatha milungu iwiri, adatsegula kasupe wawo woyamba kukhoma labwalo latchalitchi la St Sepulcher, mumzinda wa London.Madzi ankayenda kuchokera pachigoba choyera cha nsangalabwi n’kulowa m’beseni lomwe linali mkati mwa kangalande kakang’ono ka granite.Kapangidwe kameneka kamakhalapobe masiku ano, ngakhale kuti popanda mindandanda yake yakunja ya mabwalo a Romanesque.Posakhalitsa anayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu oposa 7,000 tsiku lililonse. Akasupe oterowo anali otumbululuka powayerekeza ndi zitsanzo zabwino koposa zimene anabala.Komabe, ngatiNkhani Zomangamangamu 1866 kwakhala kudandaula kuti: ‘Kwakhala kudandaulira ochirikiza gulu limeneli kuti akhazikitsa akasupe owopsa kwambiri amene mothekera angapangidwe, ndipo ndithudi ena odzionetsera kwambiri amaonekera kukhala okongola pang’ono monga otsika mtengo. 'Izi zinali zovuta ngati akanati azipikisana ndi zomweArt Journalzotchedwa 'zokongoletsa zokongola ndi zonyezimira' momwe 'ngakhale zowononga kwambiri m'nyumba za anthu zachuluka'.Khama lopanga mawu aluso omwe amalozera mitu yamadzi ndikuwonetsa malingaliro oyenera akhalidwe labwino zidasakanizidwa.Nkhani Zomangamangaankakayikira aliyense amene angafune ‘kuchuluka akakombo akukhavunda, mikango yosanza, zipolopolo zolira, Mose akumenya thanthwe, mitu yonyansa ndi zotengera zonyansa.Kusalongosoka konse koteroko n'kwachabechabe ndi kwabodza, ndipo kuyenera kufooketsedwa.'Gulu lachifundo la Gurney linapanga buku lachitsanzo, koma opereka ndalama nthawi zambiri ankakonda kusankha omanga awo.Behemoth ya akasupe akumwa, yomangidwa ku Victoria Park ya Hackney ndi Angela Burdett-Coutts, idawononga pafupifupi £6,000, ndalama zomwe zikanalipira pafupifupi mitundu 200 yokhazikika.Wopanga mapulani a Burdett-Coutts, Henry Darbishire, adapanga chizindikiro chomwe chimakwera kupitirira 58ft. Akatswiri a mbiri yakale ayesa kutchula nyumbayi, yomwe inamalizidwa mu 1862, pofotokoza mwachidule zigawo zake za stylistic monga Venetian / Moorish / Gothic / Renaissance, koma palibe chomwe chikufotokoza za eclecticism yake. bwino kuposa epithet 'Victorian'.Ngakhale ndizodabwitsa pazomangamanga zomwe zidaperekedwa kwa anthu okhala ku East End, zimayimiranso ngati chipilala pazokonda za omwe amamuthandizira.Kasupe wina wokongola kwambiri waku London ndi Buxton Memorial (Chithunzi 8), tsopano ili ku Victoria Tower Gardens.Wotumidwa ndi Charles Buxton MP kuti akondwerere gawo la abambo ake mu 1833 Slavery Abolition Act, idapangidwa ndi Samuel Sanders Teulon mu 1865. Kuti apewe kuyang'ana kwachisoni kwa denga lotsogolera kapena flatness of slate, Teulon adatembenukira ku Skidmore Art Manufacture ndi Constructive Iron Co, yomwe njira yake yatsopano inagwiritsa ntchito zolembera zachitsulo zokwezeka kuti zipatse mthunzi ndi enamel osamva asidi kuti apereke mtundu.Grammar ya Zokongoletserakuzunguliridwa mozungulira.Mbale zinayi za granite za kasupeyo zimakhala mkati mwa tchalitchi chaching'ono cha mlengalenga, pansi pa chipilala chochindikala chapakati chomwe chimalandira tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta mphete yakunja ya mipingo isanu ndi itatu ya mizati yolumikizana.Chipinda chapakati cha nyumbayi, pakati pa malo ochezeramo ndi tsinde, chimakhala chokongoletsedwa ndi zokongoletsedwa ndi miyala ya Gothic kuchokera ku msonkhano wa Thomas Earp.Kusiyanasiyana kwa Gothic kunadziwika, chifukwa kalembedwe kake kanali kosangalatsa komanso kogwirizana ndi kukoma mtima kwachikhristu.Potengera gawo la malo atsopano amsonkhano wapagulu, akasupe ena amafanana ndi mitanda yakale yamsika yokhala ndi ma spires opindika, monga ku Nailsworth ku Gloucestershire (1862), Great Torrington ku Devon (1870) (Chithunzi 7) ndi Henley-on-Thames ku Oxfordshire (1885).Kwinakwake, Gothic wochulukirachulukira anabweretsedwa, wowonedwa m'mizere yochititsa chidwi ndi masovoussoirsKasupe wa William Dyce wa Streatham Green ku London (1862) ndi kasupe wa Alderman Proctor pa Clifton Down ku Bristol ndi George ndi Henry Godwin (1872).Ku Shrigley ku Co Down, chitsime cha chikumbutso cha Martin cha 1871 (Chithunzi 5) idapangidwa ndi mmisiri wachinyamata wa ku Belfast, Timothy Hevey, yemwe adasintha mwanzeru kuchokera pabwalo la octagonal kupita ku nsanja yokhala ndi mapiko owuluka anyama.Mofanana ndi akasupe ambiri odziŵika bwino m’mawu amenewa, kamangidwe kameneka kanali ndi zithunzi zogoba, zomwe tsopano zawonongeka, zomwe zikuimira makhalidwe abwino achikhristu.Kasupe wa Gothic wa hexagonal ku Bolton Abbey (Chithunzi 4), yoleredwa pokumbukira Ambuye Frederick Cavendish mu 1886, inali ntchito ya omanga nyumba a Manchester T. Worthington ndi JG Elgood.Malinga ndiLeeds Mercury, ili ndi 'malo otchuka pakati pa malo okongola, omwe samangopanga imodzi mwa miyala yamtengo wapatali kwambiri ku Yorkshire, koma ndi wokondedwa kwa onse chifukwa cha mayanjano ake ndi akuluakulu a boma omwe dzina lake liyenera kukumbukira'. Fountain-Gothic adatsimikizira palokha ndi maziko osinthika a zikumbutso za anthu onse, ngakhale kuti zinali zofala kwa zitsanzo zokongoletsedwa bwino kwambiri kutchula zipilala zamaliro.Mitundu yotsitsimutsa, kuphatikiza Classical, Tudor, Italianate ndi Norman, idakumbidwanso kuti ikhale yodzoza.Zomangamangazo zitha kuwoneka poyerekeza kasupe wa Philip Webb ku Shoreditch ku East London ndi kasupe wa James Forsyth ku Dudley ku West Midlands.Zakale ndizosazolowereka kuti zipangidwe ngati gawo lofunika la ntchito yomanga yaikulu;chotsiriziracho mwina chinali chitsanzo chopambana kunja kwa London.Mapangidwe a Webb a 1861-63 anali mbali ya malo okhala amisiri pa Worship Street, pulojekiti yomwe idakopadi mfundo zake za socialist.Monga momwe tingayembekezere kuchokera kwa mpainiya wa Arts-and-Crafts Movement, kasupe wa Webb anali wa mawonekedwe ozungulira ozungulira likulu lopangidwa bwino pamwamba pa ndime ya polygonal.Panalibe chokongoletsera chosafunika.Mosiyana ndi izi, kasupe wa 27ft-mmwamba yemwe adatumizidwa ndi Earl of Dudley mu 1867 adakongoletsedwa mochititsa chidwi kwambiri, kutengera malo otseguka.Wosemasema James Forsyth anawonjezera zowoneka ngati zozungulira mbali zonse ndi ma dolphin owoneka okwiya omwe amalavula madzi m'zodyeramo ng'ombe.Pamwamba pa izi, magawo akutsogolo a akavalo awiri akuwoneka kuti akuchoka padenga la piramidi lokhala ndi gulu lophiphiritsa loyimira Makampani.Chibolibolicho chinali ndi ziboliboli zazipatso ndi zifaniziro zamtengo wapatali za mulungu wa mtsinje ndi nymph yamadzi.Zithunzi zakale zikuwonetsa kuti pomposity iyi ya Baroque idapangidwanso ndi nyali zinayi zokhazikika zachitsulo, zomwe sizinangopanga kasupe, komanso zimayatsa kuti azimwa usiku. akasupe (Chithunzi 6).Kuyambira koyambirira kwa zaka za m'ma 1860, Wills Brothers aku Euston Road, London adagwirizana ndi Coalbrookdale Iron Works ku Shropshire kuti akhazikitse mbiri yamasewera a evangelical.Akasupe a mural omwe amakhala ku Cardiff ndi Merthyr Tydfil (Chithunzi 2) amaonetsa Yesu akuloza ku malangizo akuti ‘Iye wakumwa madzi amene Ine ndidzampatsa sadzamva ludzu nthawi zonse.Coalbrookedale adapanganso zopangira zake, monga kasupe wophatikizira zakumwa ndi modyera ng'ombe zomwe zidamangidwa ku Somerton ku Somerset, kuzindikiritsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa Edward VII mu 1902. Saracen Foundry ya Walter Mac-farlane ku Glasgow idapereka mitundu yake yosiyana.Chithunzi 3) kumadera akutali monga Aberdeenshire ndi Isle of Wight.Mapangidwe a patent, omwe adabwera mosiyanasiyana, anali ndi beseni lapakati pansi pa denga lachitsulo lokhala ndi timizere tokhotakhota tokhazikika pazipilala zowonda zachitsulo.TheArt Journaladawona zotsatira zake zonse kukhala 'm'malo mwa Alhambresque' ndipo motero ndizoyenera kugwira ntchito yake, kalembedwe kameneka 'kamakhala kolumikizidwa nthawi zonse m'malingaliro ndi ku East sultry, komwe madzi otuluka amakhala ofunikira kuposa vinyo wa ruby'.Zopangira zitsulo zina zinali zochokera kwambiri.Mu 1877, Andrew Handyside ndi Co waku Derby adapereka kasupe wozikidwa pa Choragic Monument of Lysicrates ku Athens ku tchalitchi cha London ku St Pancras.The Strand inali kale ndi kasupe wofanana, wopangidwa ndi Wills Bros ndipo woperekedwa ndi Robert Hanbury, yemwe adasamutsidwa kupita ku Wimbledon mu 1904.