Chithunzi: Mwachilolezo cha Naturhistorisches Museum

The ur sculpture of art History, kachifanizo kakang'ono kameneka kakang'ono kakang'ono kakang'ono ka utali wa mainchesi anayi kanapezeka ku Austria mu 1908. Palibe amene akudziwa ntchito yake, koma zongopeka zakhala zikungoyambira pa mulungu wobereketsa mpaka wothandizira kuseweretsa maliseche. Akatswiri ena amati mwina chinali chojambula chopangidwa ndi mkazi. Ndilo lodziwika kwambiri mwazinthu zambiri zotere kuyambira mu Old Stone Age.

Chithunzi: Mwachilolezo cha CC/Wiki Media/Philip Pikart

Chithunzichi chakhala chizindikiro cha kukongola kwachikazi kuyambira pomwe chinafukulidwa koyamba mu 1912 m'mabwinja a Amarna, likulu lomangidwa ndi Farao wotsutsana kwambiri ndi mbiri yakale ya ku Egypt: Akhenaten. Moyo wa mfumukazi yake, Nefertiti, ndi chinthu chosamvetsetseka: Zikuganiziridwa kuti analamulira monga Farao kwa kanthawi pambuyo pa imfa ya Akhenaten-kapena mwinamwake, monga wolamulira wa Mnyamata King Tutankhamun. Katswiri wina wa ku Egypt amakhulupirira kuti anali mayi ake a Tut. Chophimbacho chimakutidwa ndi miyala ya laimu ichi chikuganiziridwa kuti ndi ntchito ya Thutmose, wosema wa bwalo la Akhenaten.

Chithunzi: Mwachilolezo cha CC/Wikimedia Commons/Maros M raz

Zopezeka mu 1974, Gulu Lankhondo la Terracotta ndi nkhokwe yayikulu ya ziboliboli zadongo zokwiriridwa m'maenje akulu atatu pafupi ndi manda a Shi Huang, mfumu yoyamba ya China, yemwe adamwalira mu 210 BC. Pofuna kumuteteza ku moyo wapambuyo pa imfa, asilikali amakhulupirira kuti asilikali oposa 8,000 pamodzi ndi akavalo 670 ndi magaleta 130. Iliyonse ndi ya kukula kwa moyo, ngakhale kutalika kwenikweni kumasiyana malinga ndi udindo wankhondo.

Chithunzi: Mwachilolezo cha CC/Wiki Media/LivioAndronico

Mwina chojambula chodziwika kwambiri cha zakale zaku Roma,Laocoön ndi Ana Akeanafukulidwa ku Rome mu 1506 ndipo anasamukira ku Vatican, kumene akukhalako mpaka pano. Zimachokera ku nthano ya wansembe wa Trojan yemwe anaphedwa pamodzi ndi ana ake aamuna ndi njoka za m'nyanja zomwe zinatumizidwa ndi mulungu wa m'nyanja Poseidon monga chilango chifukwa cha kuyesa kwa Laocoön kuvumbula chinyengo cha Trojan Horse. Pokhazikitsidwa koyambirira m'nyumba yachifumu ya Emperor Titus, gulu lophiphiritsa lokhala ndi moyo, lopangidwa ndi anthu atatu ojambula zithunzi achi Greek ochokera ku Island of Rhodes, silinafanane ndi kafukufuku wokhudza kuzunzika kwa anthu.

Chithunzi: Mwachilolezo CC/Wikimedia/Livioandronico2013

Imodzi mwa ntchito zodziwika bwino kwambiri m'mbiri yonse ya zojambulajambula, Michelangelo's David adachokera ku ntchito yayikulu yokongoletsa makoma a tchalitchi chachikulu cha Florence, Duomo, ndi gulu la ziwerengero zotengedwa ku Chipangano Chakale. TheDavideinali imodzi, ndipo idayambika mu 1464 ndi Agostino di Duccio. Kwa zaka ziwiri zotsatira, Agostino adatha kusokoneza mbali ya chipilala chachikulu cha marble chojambulidwa kuchokera kumalo otchuka otchedwa Carrara asanayambe kuima mu 1466. (Palibe amene akudziwa chifukwa chake.) Wojambula wina adatola mpukutuwo, koma nayenso, yekha. anagwirapo ntchito mwachidule. Mwalawu unakhalabe wosakhudzidwa kwa zaka 25 zotsatira, mpaka Michelangelo anayambiranso kuusema mu 1501. Panthaŵiyo anali ndi zaka 26. Atamaliza, Davide analemera matani 6, kutanthauza kuti sakanakwera padenga la tchalitchicho. M'malo mwake, idawonetsedwa panja polowera ku Palazzo Vecchio, holo ya tauni ya Florence. Chithunzicho, chimodzi mwazosakaniza zoyera kwambiri za kalembedwe ka High Renaissance, chinalandiridwa nthawi yomweyo ndi anthu a ku Florentine monga chizindikiro cha kukana kwa mzinda-boma motsutsana ndi mphamvu zolimbana nazo. Mu 1873, aDavideidasamutsidwira ku Accademia Gallery, ndipo chofananira chinayikidwa pamalo ake oyamba.

Chithunzi: Mwachilolezo cha CC/Wiki Media/Alvesgaspar

Wodziwika kuti ndiye woyambitsa kalembedwe ka High Roman Baroque, Gian Lorenzo Bernini adapanga ukadaulo uwu kukhala chape mu Tchalitchi cha Santa Maria della Vittoria. Chiphunzitso cha Baroque chinali chogwirizana kwambiri ndi Chipembedzo cha Katolika chomwe chinayesa kuthetsa Chipulotesitanti chomwe chinkafalikira ku Ulaya m’zaka za m’ma 1700. Zojambula ngati za Bernini zinali gawo la pulogalamu yotsimikiziranso chiphunzitso cha Papa, chomwe chimathandizidwa bwino ndi katswiri wa Bernini potengera zochitika zachipembedzo ndi nkhani zochititsa chidwi.Chisangalalondi chitsanzo chake: Nkhani yake—Saint Teresa wa ku Ávila, mvirigo wa ku Karimeli wa ku Spain ndiponso wanthanthi amene analemba za kukumana kwake ndi mngelo—akusonyezedwa pamene mngeloyo anali pafupi kuponya muvi mumtima mwake.ChisangalaloZolaula za sisitere ndizodziwikiratu, mwachiwonekere m'mawu a nun's orgasmic expression ndi nsalu yopindika yomwe imakulunga zonse ziwiri. Katswiri wazomangamanga onse ngati wojambula, Bernini adapanganso mawonekedwe a Chapel mu marble, stucco ndi utoto.

Chithunzi: Mwachilolezo cha The Metropolitan Museum of Art/Fletcher Fund

Wojambula waku Italy Antonio Canova (1757-1822) amadziwika kuti ndiye wosema wamkulu kwambiri wazaka za m'ma 1800. Ntchito yake inafotokozera kalembedwe ka Neo-Classical, monga momwe mukuwonera m'matembenuzidwe ake a marble a ngwazi ya nthano yachi Greek Perseus. Canova adapangadi mitundu iwiri yachidutswachi: Mmodzi amakhala ku Vatican ku Rome, pomwe winayo ali mu Metropolitan Museum of Art's European Sculpture Court.

Chithunzi: Metropolitan Museum of Art

Ngakhale katswiri wa Impressionist Edgar Degas amadziwika bwino ngati wojambula, adagwiranso ntchito yojambula, kupanga zomwe mosakayikira zinali zoyesayesa kwambiri pa ntchito yake. Degas wopangidwaWovina Wamng'ono wa Zaka Khumi ndi Zinaikuchokera ku sera (komwe makope amkuwa adaponyedwa pambuyo pa imfa yake mu 1917), koma mfundo yakuti Degas anavala mutu wake wodziwika bwino mu zovala zenizeni za ballet (zokwanira ndi bodice, tutu ndi slippers) ndi wigi wa tsitsi lenileni zinachititsa chidwi pameneWovinakuwonekera koyamba kugulu pa Sixth Impressionist Exhibition ya 1881 ku Paris. Degas anasankha kuti aphimbe zokongoletsa zake zambiri mu sera kuti agwirizane ndi zina zonse za mtsikana, koma adasunga tutu, komanso riboni yomwe imamangiriza tsitsi lake, monga momwe zinalili, kupanga chithunzicho chimodzi mwa zitsanzo zoyamba za chinthu chopezeka. luso.Wovinachinali chosema chokhacho chomwe Degas adawonetsa m'moyo wake; atamwalira, zitsanzo zina 156 zinapezeka zikuvutikira mu studio yake.

Chithunzi: Mwachilolezo cha Philadelphia Museum of Art

Ngakhale anthu ambiri amagwirizanitsa wosema wamkulu wa ku France Auguste RodinWoganiza, gulu limeneli lokumbukira zimene zinachitika pa Nkhondo ya Zaka 100 (1337–1453) pakati pa Britain ndi France ndi lofunika kwambiri pa mbiri ya ziboliboli. Anatumidwa kaamba ka paki mumzinda wa Calais (kumene kuzingidwa kwa chaka chonse kwa Angelezi mu 1346 kunachotsedwa pamene akulu a tawuni asanu ndi mmodzi anadzipereka kuti aphedwe pofuna kupulumutsa anthu),The BurghersSanayang'ane mawonekedwe a zipilala panthaŵiyo: M'malo mokhala ndi ziwerengero zodzipatula kapena zowunjika mu piramidi pamwamba pa tsinde lalitali, Rodin ankasonkhanitsa zinthu zake zazikuluzikulu pansi molunjika, mofanana ndi wowonera. Kusuntha kwakukulu kumeneku kuzinthu zenizeni kunasweka ndi nkhanza zomwe nthawi zambiri zimaperekedwa ndi ntchito zakunja ngati izi. NdiThe Burghers, Rodin anatenga imodzi mwa masitepe oyambirira opita ku ziboliboli zamakono.

Chithunzi: Mwachilolezo cha CC/Flickr/Wally Gobetz

Mu 1912, Picasso adapanga maquette a makatoni a chidutswa chomwe chingakhudze kwambiri zaluso zazaka za zana la 20. Komanso m'magulu a MoMA, adawonetsa gitala, mutu womwe Picasso amakonda kuufufuza pojambula ndi kujambula, komanso m'njira zambiri,Gitalaadasamutsa njira zodulira ndi kumata za collage kuchokera ku miyeso iwiri kupita ku itatu. Zinachitanso chimodzimodzi kwa Cubism, komanso, pophatikiza mawonekedwe athyathyathya kuti apange mawonekedwe ochulukirapo okhala ndi kuya komanso voliyumu. Kupanga kwa Picasso kunali kupeŵa kusema ndi kufananiza kwachiboliboli kuchokera pagulu lolimba. M'malo mwake,Gitalaanalumikiziridwa pamodzi ngati mpanda. Lingaliro ili likhoza kubwereranso kuchokera ku Russian Constructivism mpaka ku Minimalism ndi kupitirira. Patatha zaka ziwiri kupangaGitalamu makatoni, Picasso adapanga bukuli m'malata odutsidwa

Chithunzi: Metropolitan Museum of Art

Kuyambira pachiyambi chake mpaka kubadwa kwake komaliza, Futurism ya ku Italy idadabwitsa dziko lonse lapansi, koma palibe ntchito imodzi yomwe idawonetsa chidwi cha gululi kuposa chojambulachi ndi chimodzi mwa nyali zake zotsogola: Umberto Boccioni. Kuyambira ngati wojambula, Boccioni adayamba kugwira ntchito m'magawo atatu pambuyo paulendo wopita ku Paris mu 1913 momwe adayendera ma studio a ojambula angapo a avant-garde a nthawiyo, monga Constantin Brancusi, Raymond Duchamp-Villon ndi Alexander Archipenko. Boccioni adapanga malingaliro awo kukhala mwaluso wodabwitsawu, womwe ukuwonetsa munthu wopitilira muyeso "kupitilira kopanga" monga momwe Boccioni adafotokozera. Chidutswacho chidapangidwa poyambira pulasitala ndipo sichinasinthidwe m'mawonekedwe ake amkuwa mpaka 1931, wojambulayo atamwalira mu 1916 monga membala wa gulu lankhondo laku Italy pankhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse.

Chithunzi: Mwachilolezo cha CC/Flickr/Steve Guttman NYC

Wobadwira ku Romania, Brancusi anali m'modzi mwa ojambula ofunikira kwambiri m'zaka za zana la 20 - ndipo ndithudi, mmodzi mwa anthu ofunika kwambiri m'mbiri yonse ya ziboliboli. Wokhala ngati proto-minimalist, Brancusi adatenga mawonekedwe kuchokera ku chilengedwe ndikuwasintha kukhala mawonekedwe osamveka. Kalembedwe kake kanatengera luso la anthu akudziko lakwawo, lomwe nthawi zambiri limakhala ndi mawonekedwe owoneka bwino a geometric ndi zithunzi zojambulidwa. Sanasiyanitsenso chinthu ndi maziko, pozitenga, nthawi zina, ngati zigawo zosinthika-njira yomwe imayimira kusweka kwakukulu ndi miyambo yosema. Chidutswa chodziwika bwino ichi ndi chithunzi cha chitsanzo chake ndi wokondedwa wake, Margit Pogány, wophunzira waluso wa ku Hungary yemwe anakumana naye ku Paris mu 1910. Kubwereza koyamba kunasema mu marble, kutsatiridwa ndi kopi ya pulasitala yomwe mkuwa umenewu unapangidwira. pulasitala mwiniwakeyo adawonetsedwa ku New York pa chiwonetsero chodziwika bwino cha Armory Show cha 1913, pomwe otsutsa adachinyoza ndikuchinyoza. Koma chinalinso chidutswa chojambulidwa kwambiri pachiwonetserocho. Brancusi anagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyanaMlle Poganykwa zaka pafupifupi 20.

Chithunzi: Mwachilolezo cha The Museum of Modern Art

Wheel Njingaimatengedwa kuti ndiyo yoyamba mwazokonzekera zosintha za Duchamp. Komabe, atamaliza gawolo mu situdiyo yake ya ku Paris, sanadziwe chomwe angatchule. "Ndidakhala ndi lingaliro losangalatsa kumangiriza gudumu lanjinga pachoma chakhitchini ndikuwona ikutembenuka," adatero Duchamp pambuyo pake. Zinatenga ulendo wopita ku New York mu 1915, ndikuwonetsetsa kuchuluka kwa zinthu zopangidwa ndi fakitale mumzindawu, kuti Duchamp abwere ndi nthawi yokonzekera. Chofunika kwambiri, anayamba kuona kuti kupanga zojambulajambula mwachikhalidwe, zopangidwa ndi manja zinkawoneka zopanda pake mu Age Age. Ananenanso kuti, nchifukwa chiyani mumadzivutikira, pamene zinthu zopangidwa ndi anthu ambiri zimatha kugwira ntchitoyi. Kwa Duchamp, lingaliro lazojambula linali lofunika kwambiri kuposa momwe linapangidwira. Lingaliro ili - mwina chitsanzo chenicheni cha Conceptual Art - lingasinthiretu mbiri yakale yaukadaulo kupita mtsogolo. Mofanana ndi chinthu wamba chapakhomo, komabe, choyambiriraWheel Njingasanapulumuke: Mtunduwu kwenikweni ndi wofanana ndi wa 1951.

Chithunzi: Whitney Museum of American Art, © 2019 Calder Foundation, New York/Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York

Chojambula chokondedwa chazosungirako zosatha za Whitney Museum,Circus ya Calderamatulutsa zosewerera zomwe Alexander Calder (1898-1976) adabweretsa ngati wojambula yemwe adathandizira kupanga chosema cha 20.Circus, yomwe idapangidwa panthawi ya wojambula ku Paris, inali yocheperapo kusiyana ndi "mafoni" ake opachikidwa, koma mwa njira yake, zinali ngati kinetic: Zopangidwa makamaka ndi waya ndi matabwa,Circusadakhala ngati maziko a zisudzo zotsogola, momwe Calder adayendayenda mozungulira zithunzi zosiyanasiyana zowonetsera otsutsana, omeza malupanga, mikango, ndi zina zotero, ngati ringmaster ngati mulungu.

Chithunzi: Mwachilolezo cha The J. Paul Getty Museum

Monga wojambula ndi wojambula komanso wosema, wojambula wa ku France Aristide Maillol (1861-1944) atha kufotokozedwa bwino kuti ndi Neo-Classicist wamakono yemwe amawongolera, zaka za m'ma 2000 pazithunzi zachi Greek ndi Aroma. Akhozanso kufotokozedwa ngati wokonda kwambiri, ngakhale ziyenera kukumbukiridwa kuti ngakhale anthu amasiku ano a avant-garde monga Picasso adapanga ntchito motengera kalembedwe ka Neo-Classical pambuyo pa nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse.L'Air, wapanga kusiyana pakati pa unyinji wa zinthu za phunziro lake, ndi momwe zimawonekera kukhala zikuyandama mumlengalenga—kusinthasintha, titero kunena kwake, thupi losatha ndi kukhalapo kosatha.

Chithunzi: Mwachilolezo cha CC/Flickr/C-Monster

Wojambula wa ku Japan yemwe amagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana, Kusama anabwera ku New York ku 1957 akubwerera ku Japan ku 1972. Panthawiyi, adadziwonetsa yekha ngati munthu wamkulu wa malo a mumzinda, yemwe luso lake linakhudza maziko ambiri, kuphatikizapo Pop Art, Minimalism. ndi Performance Art. Monga wojambula wachikazi yemwe nthawi zambiri amatchula za kugonana kwa akazi, analinso kalambulabwalo wa Zojambula Zachikazi. Ntchito ya Kusama nthawi zambiri imadziwika ndi mawonekedwe a hallucinogenic ndi kubwerezabwereza kwa mawonekedwe, kukhazikika kokhazikika mumikhalidwe ina yamalingaliro - kuwoneratu, OCD - amavutika kuyambira ali mwana. Zonsezi zaluso ndi moyo wa Kusuma zikuwonekera m'ntchitoyi, momwe mpando wamba, wokwezeka wosavuta umagwedezeka mopanda mantha ndi kuphulika kwa ziphuphu zamphongo zopangidwa ndi nsalu zosokedwa.

Chithunzi: Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, © 2019 Estate of Marisol/ Albright-Knox Art Gallery/Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York

Wodziwika ndi dzina lake loyamba, Marisol Escobar (1930-2016) anabadwira ku Paris kwa makolo aku Venezuela. Monga wojambula, adalumikizana ndi Pop Art ndipo pambuyo pake Op Art, ngakhale amajambula, sanali m'gulu lililonse. M'malo mwake, adapanga zojambula zophiphiritsira zomwe zimatanthauzidwa ngati zoseweretsa zachikazi za maudindo a jenda, otchuka komanso chuma. MuAkazi ndi Galuamatenga kuyenera kwa akazi, ndi njira imene miyezo yoikidwa ndi amuna ya ukazi imagwiritsiridwa ntchito kuwakakamiza kugwirizana.

Chithunzi: Mwachilolezo cha CC/Flickr/Rocor

Bokosi la Brillo mwina ndilodziwika bwino kwambiri mwazojambula zambiri za Warhol zomwe zidapangidwa m'ma 60s, zomwe zidapangitsa kufufuza kwake kwa chikhalidwe cha pop kukhala magawo atatu. Mogwirizana ndi dzina lomwe Warhol adapatsa situdiyo yake - Factory - wojambulayo adalemba ntchito akalipentala kuti azigwira ntchito ngati chingwe cholumikizira, kukhomerera mabokosi amatabwa ngati makatoni azinthu zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza Heinz Ketchup, Kellogg's Corn Flakes ndi Campbell's Soup. bwino Brillo soap pads. Kenako adapenta bokosi lililonse mtundu wofananira ndi choyambirira (choyera ngati Brillo) asanawonjezere dzina la malonda ndi logo mu silkscreen. Zopangidwa mochulukira, mabokosiwo nthawi zambiri amawonetsedwa m'magulu akuluakulu, kutembenuza zithunzi zilizonse zomwe anali nazo kukhala malo azikhalidwe apamwamba a nyumba yosungiramo zinthu. Maonekedwe awo ndi kupanga kwawo kosalekeza mwina kunali kuvomereza-kapena nthano za-kalembedwe kameneko kakang'ono ka Minimalist. Koma mfundo yeniyeni yaBrillo BoxNdi momwe kuyerekezera kwake ndi zinthu zenizeni kumawonongetsa misonkhano yaluso, kutanthauza kuti palibe kusiyana kwenikweni pakati pa zinthu zopangidwa ndi ntchito kuchokera ku studio ya ojambula.

Chithunzi: Mwachilolezo cha CC/Flickr/Esther Westerveld

Dzina la Donald Judd ndi lofanana ndi Minimal Art, gulu lapakati pa zaka za m'ma 60s lomwe linasokoneza maganizo a modernism kuti asakhudze zofunikira. Kwa Judd, chosema chinkatanthauza kufotokoza za kukhalapo kwa konkire kwa ntchitoyo mumlengalenga. Lingaliro ili lidafotokozedwa ndi mawu akuti, "chinthu chapadera," ndipo pomwe a Minimalist ena adachilandira, Judd mosakayikira adapereka lingaliro lake mwangwiro potengera bokosilo ngati siginecha yake. Monga Warhol, adawapanga ngati mayunitsi obwerezabwereza, pogwiritsa ntchito zipangizo ndi njira zobwereka kuchokera ku mafakitale. Mosiyana ndi zitini za supu za Warhol ndi Marilyns, luso la Judd silinatchule kanthu kalikonse. "Milu" yake ndi zina mwa zidutswa zake zodziwika bwino. Iliyonse imakhala ndi mabokosi osaya kwambiri opangidwa ndi zitsulo zamalati, odumpha kuchokera pakhoma kuti apange mzati wa zinthu zofanana. Koma Judd, yemwe anayamba ntchito yojambula zithunzi, anali ndi chidwi ndi mtundu ndi maonekedwe ake monga momwe analili, monga momwe amawonera pano ndi lacquer yobiriwira yobiriwira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kutsogolo kwa bokosi lililonse. Kulumikizana kwa Judd kwa mtundu ndi zinthu kumaperekaZopanda Dzina (Zopanda)kukongola kofulumira komwe kumafewetsa absolutism yake.

Chithunzi: Mwachilolezo cha CC/Flickr/Rocor

Monga Benglis, Hesse anali wojambula wachikazi yemwe adasefa Postminimalism kudzera mu prism yachikazi. Myuda yemwe adathawa ku Germany ali mwana, adafufuza mawonekedwe achilengedwe, ndikupanga zidutswa zamagalasi a fiberglass, latex ndi chingwe zomwe zidatulutsa khungu kapena thupi, maliseche ndi ziwalo zina zathupi. Chifukwa cha mbiri yake, zimakhala zokopa kupeza zovuta kapena nkhawa mu ntchito monga iyi.

Chithunzi: Mwachilolezo cha The Museum of Modern Art

Kutsatira Judd ndi Flavin, gulu la ojambula adachoka ku Minimalism yokongoletsa mizere yoyera. Monga gawo la m'badwo wa Postminimalist, Richard Serra adayika lingaliro la chinthu chenichenicho pa steroids, kukulitsa kukula kwake ndi kulemera kwake, ndikupanga malamulo a mphamvu yokoka kukhala ofunikira ku lingalirolo. Anapanga zitsulo zokhala ndi zitsulo kapena mbale zamtovu ndi mapaipi olemera matani, zomwe zinali ndi zotsatira za kuopsa kwa ntchitoyo. (Nthawi ziwiri, owukira omwe amaika zidutswa za Serra adaphedwa kapena kulemala pomwe ntchitoyo idagwa mwangozi.) M'zaka makumi angapo zapitazi, ntchito ya Serra yatengera kusintha kwa curvilinear komwe kwapangitsa kuti ikhale yotchuka kwambiri, koma koyambirira, imagwira ntchito ngati One Ton Prop (Nyumba). ya Makadi), yomwe ili ndi mbale zinayi zotsamira pamodzi, inafotokoza nkhaŵa zake mosapita m’mbali mwankhanza.

Chithunzi: Mwachilolezo cha CC/Wikimedia Commons/Soren.harward/Robert Smithson

Kutsatira chikhalidwe chotsutsana ndi chikhalidwe m'zaka za m'ma 1960 ndi 1970, ojambula anayamba kupandukira malonda a dziko la gallery, kupanga zojambulajambula zatsopano monga earthworks. Wodziwikanso kuti zojambulajambula zapamtunda, wotsogola wamtunduwu anali Robert Smithson (1938-1973), yemwe, pamodzi ndi ojambula monga Michael Heizer, Walter De Maria ndi James Turrel, adalowa m'chipululu cha Western United States kuti apange ntchito zazikuluzikulu zomwe. anachita mogwirizana ndi madera awo. Njira yodziwika ndi malowa, monga momwe idatchulidwira, zida zogwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri zimatengedwa mwachindunji kumtunda. Izi ndizochitika ndi Smithson'sSpiral Jetty, yomwe imalowera ku Utah's Great Salt Lake kuchokera ku Rozel Point pagombe la kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa nyanjayi. Wopangidwa ndi matope, makristasi amchere ndi basalt yochotsedwa pamalowo,Spiral Jetty miyeso1,500 ndi 15 mapazi. Inamizidwa pansi pa nyanjayo kwa zaka zambiri mpaka chilala chakumayambiriro kwa zaka za m’ma 2000 chinabweretsanso pamwamba. Mu 2017,Spiral Jettyadatchedwa zojambula zovomerezeka za Utah.

Chithunzi: Mwachilolezo cha CC/Wikimedia Commons/FLICKR/Pierre Metivier

Siginecha ya wojambula wobadwa ku France,Spideridapangidwa pakati pa 1990s pomwe Bourgeois (1911-2010) anali kale zaka makumi asanu ndi atatu. Imapezeka m'mitundu ingapo yamitundu yosiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza ena omwe ndi ofunika kwambiri.Spideramatanthauzidwa ngati msonkho kwa amayi a wojambula, wobwezeretsa matepi (motero kufotokozera kwa arachnid amtundu wopota ukonde).

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Wopambana mphoto ya Turner Prize mu 1994, Antony Gormley ndi m'modzi mwa ojambula odziwika kwambiri ku UK, koma amadziwikanso padziko lonse lapansi chifukwa cha luso lake lophiphiritsa, momwe kusiyanasiyana kwamitundu ndi kalembedwe kumakhazikitsidwa. kwa mbali zambiri, pa template yomweyi: Chojambula cha thupi la wojambula. Izi ndi zoona ndi chipilala chachikulu chokhala ndi mapiko chomwe chili pafupi ndi tawuni ya Gateshead kumpoto chakum’mawa kwa England. Kukhala m'mphepete mwa msewu waukulu,Mngeloimakwera mpaka mamita 66 muutali ndi kutambasula mamita 177 m’lifupi kuchokera kunsonga ya mapiko kupita kunsonga ya mapiko. Malinga ndi a Gormley, ntchitoyi imatanthauzidwa ngati chizindikiro chophiphiritsira pakati pazaka zakale zamafakitale ku Britain (chojambulacho chili m'dziko la malasha la England, mtima wa Revolution Revolution) ndi tsogolo lake pambuyo pa mafakitale.

Mwachilolezo cha CC/Flickr/Richard Howe

Amatchedwa "Nyemba" ndi aku Chicago chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake opindika a ellipsoidal,Cloud Gate, Anish Kapoor's public art centerpiece for the Second City's Millennium Park, ndizojambula komanso zomangamanga, zomwe zimapereka njira yokonzekera Instagram kwa oyenda Lamlungu ndi alendo ena ku paki. Zopangidwa ndi chitsulo chowoneka bwino,Cloud GateKuwoneka bwino kwa nyumba yosangalatsa komanso yayikulu kumapangitsa kuti Kapoor ikhale yodziwika bwino kwambiri.

Mwachilolezo cha wojambulayo ndi Greene Naftali, New York

Ntchito ya Rachel Harrison imaphatikiza chizolowezi chomaliza ndi luso loyika zinthu zowoneka ngati zosamveka komanso matanthauzo angapo, kuphatikiza andale. Amakayikira mowopsa za ukulu ndi udindo wachimuna womwe umayendera nawo. Harrison amapanga zochuluka za ziboliboli zake pomanga ndi kukonza midadada kapena masilabu a Styrofoam, asanawavundikire kuphatikiza simenti ndikukula bwino. Chitumbuwa pamwamba ndi mtundu wina wa chinthu chopezeka, chokha kapena chophatikiza ndi zina. Chitsanzo chabwino ndi mannequin iyi yomwe ili pamtunda wautali, wopaka utoto. Atavala cape, ndi chigoba choyang'ana kumbuyo kwa Abraham Lincoln, ntchitoyi imatumiza chiphunzitso cha munthu wamkulu wa mbiri yakale ndi mawu ake a wogonjetsa Dziko Lakale atayima wamtali pa thanthwe lofiira..