Alendo omwe akuchulukirachulukira akulowera ku Museum ya Sanxingdui ku Guanghan, m'chigawo cha Sichuan, ngakhale mliri wa COVID-19.

Luo Shan, wachichepere wolandira alendo pamalowo, amafunsidwa kaŵirikaŵiri ndi ofika m’bandakucha chifukwa chimene sangapeze mlonda woti awasonyeze.

Nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale imagwiritsa ntchito maupangiri ena, koma alephera kuthana ndi kuchuluka kwa alendo kwadzidzidzi, adatero Luo.

Loweruka, anthu opitilira 9,000 adayendera nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale, kuwirikiza kanayi chiŵerengero cha kumapeto kwa sabata. Kugulitsa matikiti kudafika 510,000 yuan ($77,830), yomwe ndi yachiwiri kwambiri tsiku lililonse kuyambira pomwe idatsegulidwa mu 1997.

Kuchuluka kwa alendo kudayambitsidwa ndi kuwulutsa kwamoyo kwa zotsalira zomwe zidafukulidwa m'maenje asanu ndi limodzi operekera nsembe pamalo a Sanxingdui Ruins. Kufalitsaku kudawulutsidwa pa China Central Television kwa masiku atatu kuyambira pa Marichi 20.

Pa malowa, zinthu zakale zoposa 500, kuphatikizapo masks a golide, zinthu zamkuwa, minyanga ya njovu, jade ndi nsalu, zafukulidwa m’maenjewo, omwe ali ndi zaka 3,200 mpaka 4,000.

Kuwulutsaku kunalimbikitsa chidwi cha alendo pa zinthu zambiri zakale zomwe zidafukulidwa kale pamalowa, zomwe zimawonetsedwa kumalo osungirako zinthu zakale.

Ili pamtunda wa makilomita 40 kumpoto kwa Chengdu, likulu la Sichuan, malowa ali ndi ma kilomita 12 ndipo ali ndi mabwinja a mzinda wakale, maenje operekera nsembe, nyumba zogona komanso manda.

Akatswiri amakhulupirira kuti malowa adakhazikitsidwa pakati pa 2,800 ndi 4,800 zaka zapitazo, ndipo zofukulidwa zakale zimasonyeza kuti inali malo otukuka kwambiri komanso otukuka kwambiri m'nthawi zakale.

Chen Xiaodan, katswiri wofukula zakale ku Chengdu yemwe adagwira nawo ntchito zofukula pamalowa m'zaka za m'ma 1980, adanena kuti adapezeka mwangozi, ndikuwonjezera kuti "zinkawoneka ngati sizikuwoneka paliponse".

Mu 1929, munthu wina wa ku Guanghan, dzina lake Yan Daocheng, anafukula dzenje lodzaza ndi miyala ya jade ndi miyala pamene ankakonza ngalande ya chimbudzi yomwe inali m’mbali mwa nyumba yake.

Zinthu zakale zidadziwika mwachangu pakati pa ogulitsa zakale kuti "The Jadeware of Guanghan". Kutchuka kwa jade, komweko, kudakopa chidwi cha akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale, Chen adati.

Mu 1933, gulu la akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale lotsogozedwa ndi David Crockett Graham, yemwe adachokera ku United States ndipo anali woyang'anira nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale ku West China Union University ku Chengdu, adapita ku malowa kukagwira ntchito yoyamba yofukula pansi.

Kuyambira m’zaka za m’ma 1930 kupita m’tsogolo, akatswiri ofukula mabwinja ambiri anafukula pamalopo, koma zonsezo sizinaphule kanthu, chifukwa palibe zinthu zazikulu zimene zinapezeka.

Kupambanako kudabwera m'ma 1980s. Zotsalira za nyumba zazikulu zachifumu ndi mbali za makoma a kummawa, kumadzulo ndi kumwera kwa mzinda zinapezedwa pamalowa mu 1984, pambuyo pa zaka ziwiri pambuyo pake ndi kupeza maenje awiri akuluakulu ansembe.

Zomwe anapeza zinatsimikizira kuti malowa anali ndi mabwinja a mzinda wakale womwe unali likulu la ndale, zachuma ndi chikhalidwe cha Shu Kingdom. Kale, Sichuan ankadziwika kuti Shu.

Umboni wokhutiritsa

Malowa amawonedwa ngati amodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri zofukulidwa zakale zomwe zidapezeka ku China m'zaka za zana la 20.

Chen adanena kuti ntchito yofukula isanayambe, ankaganiza kuti Sichuan anali ndi mbiri ya zaka 3,000. Chifukwa cha ntchitoyi, akukhulupirira kuti chitukuko chinabwera ku Sichuan zaka 5,000 zapitazo.

Duan Yu, katswiri wa mbiri yakale wa Sichuan Provincial Academy of Social Sciences, adati malo a Sanxingdui, omwe ali pamwamba pa mtsinje wa Yangtze, alinso umboni wokhutiritsa wakuti chiyambi cha chitukuko cha China ndi chosiyana, chifukwa chimasonyeza kuti mtsinje wa Yellow chinali chiyambi chokha.

Nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale ya Sanxingdui, yomwe ili m'mphepete mwa mtsinje wa Yazi wabata, imakopa alendo ochokera kumadera osiyanasiyana padziko lapansi, omwe amalandilidwa ndikuwona masks akulu amkuwa ndi mitu ya anthu yamkuwa.

Chigoba chochititsa chidwi kwambiri, chomwe ndi masentimita 138 m'lifupi ndi masentimita 66 m'mwamba, chimakhala ndi maso otuluka.

Maso ali opendekeka komanso otalikirana mokwanira kuti azitha kukhala ndi diso la cylindrical, lomwe limatuluka masentimita 16 mokokomeza kwambiri. Makutu awiriwa ali otambasulidwa mokwanira ndipo ali ndi nsonga zooneka ngati mafani akuloza.

Kuyesayesa kukuchitika kutsimikizira kuti chithunzicho ndi cha kholo la anthu a Shu, Can Cong.

Malinga ndi zolemba zolembedwa m'mabuku achi China, makhothi angapo amphamvu adadzuka ndikugwa mu Ufumu wa Shu, kuphatikiza omwe adakhazikitsidwa ndi atsogoleri amitundu ochokera kumagulu a Can Cong, Bo Guan ndi Kai Ming.

Banja la Can Cong linali lakale kwambiri kukhazikitsa khoti mu Ufumu wa Shu. Malinga ndi kunena kwa mbiri ina ya ku China, “Mfumu yake inali ndi maso otulukira kunja ndipo inali mfumu yoyamba kulengezedwa m’mbiri ya ufumuwo.

Malinga ndi ofufuza, mawonekedwe osamvetseka, monga omwe amawonekera pachigoba, akadawonetsa kwa anthu amtundu wa Shu kuti ali ndi udindo wapamwamba.

Ziboliboli zambiri zamkuwa ku Sanxingdui Museum zikuphatikiza chiboliboli chochititsa chidwi cha munthu wopanda nsapato atavala ziboliboli, manja atakulungidwa. Chiwerengerochi ndi cha 180 masentimita, pamene fano lonse, lomwe likuganiza kuti likuimira mfumu ya Shu Kingdom, ndi lalitali pafupifupi 261 cm, kuphatikizapo maziko.

Zaka zoposa 3,100, fanoli likuvekedwa korona wa dzuwa ndipo lili ndi zigawo zitatu za "zovala" zamkuwa zothina, zazifupi zazifupi zokongoletsedwa ndi chitsanzo cha chinjoka ndikukutidwa ndi riboni yoyesedwa.

Huang Nengfu, mochedwa pulofesa wa zaluso ndi kamangidwe pa yunivesite ya Tsinghua ku Beijing, yemwe anali katswiri wofufuza za zovala za ku China zochokera m’mibadwo yosiyanasiyana, ankaona kuti chovalacho ndi chovala chakale kwambiri cha chinjoka chimene chinalipo ku China. Ankaganizanso kuti chitsanzocho chinali ndi zokongoletsera za Shu.

Malinga ndi Wang Yuqing, wolemba mbiri wa zovala zaku China yemwe amakhala ku Taiwan, chovalacho chinasintha malingaliro achikhalidwe akuti nsalu za Shu zidayambira pakati pa Qing Dynasty (1644-1911). M'malo mwake, zikusonyeza kuti zimachokera ku Mzera wa Shang (c. 16th century-11th century BC).

Kampani yopanga zovala ku Beijing yapanga mwinjiro wa silika wogwirizana ndi chiboliboli chokongola cha munthu wopanda nsapato yemwe ali m'miyendo.

Mwambo wosonyeza kumaliza mkanjowo, womwe ukuwonetsedwa ku Chengdu Shu Brocade and Embroidery Museum, unachitikira ku Great Hall of the People ku likulu la China mu 2007.

Zinthu za golide zomwe zikuwonetsedwa ku Museum ya Sanxingdui, kuphatikiza ndodo, masks ndi zokongoletsera zamasamba zagolide zowoneka ngati nyalugwe ndi nsomba, zimadziwika ndi mtundu wawo komanso kusiyanasiyana.

Luso laluso komanso luso lapamwamba lofuna njira zopangira golide monga kuponda, kuumba, kuwotcherera ndi kuchapa, zidapanga zinthuzo, zomwe zimasonyeza luso lapamwamba kwambiri la kusungunula ndi kukonza golide m'mbiri yakale ya China.

Pakatikati pamatabwa

Zinthu zakale zomwe zikuwonetsedwa ku nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale zimapangidwa kuchokera ku golide ndi aloyi yamkuwa, ndipo golide amawerengera 85 peresenti ya zomwe adapangidwa.

Nzimbeyi, yomwe ndi yaitali masentimita 143, m’mimba mwake ndi masentimita 2.3 ndipo imalemera pafupifupi magalamu 463, ili ndi phata lake lamatabwa, lomwe limakutidwa ndi tsamba lagolide. Mitengoyi yavunda, n’kungotsala pang’ono kutsala, koma tsamba lagolide silinasinthe.

Kapangidwe kake kamakhala ndi mbiri ziwiri, mutu uliwonse wamatsenga wokhala ndi korona wa nsonga zisanu, kuvala ndolo zamakona atatu komanso kumwetulira kwakukulu kwamasewera. Palinso magulu ofanana a mapangidwe okongoletsera, omwe ali ndi mbalame ziwiri ndi nsomba, kumbuyo ndi kumbuyo. Muvi ukupindika m’khosi ndi mitu ya nsombazo.

Ofufuza ambiri amaganiza kuti ndodo inali chinthu chofunika kwambiri mu ulamuliro wakale wa Shu mfumu, kusonyeza ulamuliro wake wandale ndi mphamvu zaumulungu pansi pa ulamuliro wa teokrase.

Pakati pa zikhalidwe zakale ku Egypt, Babeloni, Girisi ndi kumadzulo kwa Asia, ndodo nthawi zambiri imawonedwa ngati chizindikiro chaulamuliro wapamwamba kwambiri.

Akatswiri ena amalingalira kuti nzimbe za golide zochokera pamalo a Sanxingdui mwina zidachokera kumpoto chakum'mawa kapena kumadzulo kwa Asia ndipo zidachitika chifukwa cha kusinthana kwa chikhalidwe pakati pa zitukuko ziwiri.

Anafukulidwa pamalowa mu 1986 gulu la akatswiri ofufuza zinthu zakale a ku Sichuan Provincial Archaeological Team litachitapo kanthu kuletsa fakitale ya njerwa ya m’deralo kukumba malowo.

Chen, katswiri wofukula zinthu zakale amene anatsogolera gulu lofukula zinthu zakale pamalopo, ananena kuti nzimbeyo itapezeka, ankaganiza kuti inapangidwa ndi golidi, koma anauza anthu amene ankaona kuti inali yamkuwa, ngati wina angayese kuichotsa.

Poyankha pempho la gululi, boma la Guanghan linatumiza asilikali 36 kuti akalondera malo amene nzimbeyo inapezeka.

Kusauka kwa zinthu zakale zomwe zidawonetsedwa ku Museum ya Sanxingdui, komanso momwe maliro awo amakhalira, zikuwonetsa kuti zidawotchedwa kapena kuwonongedwa mwadala. Moto waukulu ukuwoneka kuti wapangitsa kuti zinthuzo zipse, zing'ambika, ziwonongeke, zisungunuke kapena zisungunuke.

Malinga ndi ofufuza, zinali zofala kuyatsa nsembe zopsereza ku China wakale.

Malo omwe maenje awiri akulu ansembe adakumbidwa mu 1986 ali pamtunda wa makilomita 2.8 kumadzulo kwa Museum ya Sanxingdui. Chen adati ziwonetsero zambiri zazikulu ku nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale zimachokera ku maenje awiri.

Ning Guoxia adathandizira nkhaniyi.

huangzhiling@chinadaily.com.cn