Onani Zoyambira Ndi Kukula Kwa Zojambula Zamkuwa M'zikhalidwe Zosiyanasiyana ndi Nthawi

Mawu Oyamba

Chojambula chamkuwa ndi chojambula chomwe chimagwiritsa ntchito zitsulo zamkuwa monga zida zake zazikulu. Bronze ndi alloy yamkuwa ndi malata, ndipo amadziwika chifukwa cha mphamvu zake, kulimba, komanso kusinthika. Zinthu izi zimapangitsa kukhala chinthu chabwino kwambiri chojambula, chifukwa chimatha kuponyedwa m'mawonekedwe ovuta ndikumalizidwa ndi tsatanetsatane wambiri.

Mbiri ya ziboliboli zamkuwa idayamba mu Bronze Age, yomwe idayamba pafupifupi 3300 BC. Zojambula zakale zamkuwa zodziwika bwino zidapangidwa ku China ndipo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamwambo komanso kukongoletsa. Posakhalitsa chosema chamkuwa chinafalikira kumadera ena a dziko lapansi, kuphatikizapo Igupto, Girisi, ndi Roma

(Olympia Greece Hatchi Yolimba Mkuwa: Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 500 BC)

M'dziko lakale, ziboliboli zamkuwa zinali zamtengo wapatali chifukwa cha kukongola kwake komanso luso lake. Zithunzi zambiri zodziwika bwino za nthawiyi, monga Winged Victory ya Samothrace ndi Discobolus, zimapangidwa ndi bronze.

Zojambula zamkuwa zidapitilirabe kutchuka mu Middle Ages ndi Renaissance. Panthawiyi, mkuwa unagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ziboliboli zachipembedzo komanso zachipembedzo. M'zaka za zana la 19, chosema chamkuwa chinatsitsimutsidwa, monga ojambula monga Auguste Rodin ndi Edgar Degas anayamba kuyesa njira zatsopano ndi masitayelo.

Masiku ano, ziboliboli zamkuwa zikadali zotchuka kwa akatswiri ojambula. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zipilala zazikulu zapagulu ndi ntchito zazing'ono zamaluso kwa otolera achinsinsi. Chojambula cha bronze ndi chojambula chosunthika komanso chokhalitsa chomwe anthu akhala akusangalala nacho kwa zaka zambiri.

Zitsanzo za Zithunzi Zamkuwa m'mbiri zikuphatikizapo:

• DAVIDE (DONATELLO)

(Bronze David, Donatello)

David ndi chosema cha mkuwa chojambulidwa ndi wosemasema wa ku Italy Donatello. Idapangidwa pakati pa 1440 ndi 1460 ndipo imatengedwa kuti ndi imodzi mwazofunikira kwambiri pazojambula za Renaissance. Panopa chifanizirochi chikuwonetsedwa ku Accademia Gallery ku Florence, Italy.

Davide ndi chiboliboli chachikulu cha moyo wa ngwazi ya m’Baibulo Davide, amene anagonjetsa chimphona Goliati ndi legeni. Chibolibolicho ndi chopangidwa ndi bronze ndipo kutalika kwake ndi pafupifupi mamita 1.70. Davide akusonyezedwa kuti anali mnyamata, ali ndi thupi lolimba ndiponso wodzidalira. Ndi maliseche kupatula chisoti ndi nsapato. Chifanizirocho ndi chodziwikiratu chifukwa chowonetseratu zenizeni za thupi la munthu ndikugwiritsa ntchito contrapposto, ponse momwe kulemera kwa thupi kumasunthidwira ku chiuno chimodzi, kumapanga kumverera kwa kuyenda ndi mphamvu.

David poyamba adatumizidwa ndi banja la Medici, lomwe linkalamulira Florence panthawiyo. Chibolibolicho chidayikidwa m'bwalo la Palazzo Vecchio, koma chidasamutsidwa kupita ku Accademia Gallery mu 1873 kuti chitetezedwe ku zinthu zakunja.

David amaonedwa kuti ndi imodzi mwazojambula zofunika kwambiri pazithunzi za Renaissance. Ndilo luso lazowona ndi luso, ndipo ndi chizindikiro champhamvu cha kulimba mtima, mphamvu, ndi kupambana.

David alipochiboliboli chamkuwa chogulitsidwazopangidwa ndi osema ndi opanga ambiri otchuka masiku ano. Zabwino mwa izo ndiArtisan Studio, Lumikizanani nawo ngati mukufuna chithunzi cha fano lodziwika bwinoli

David ndi wojambula wokongola komanso wodziwika bwino. Ngati mukuyang'ana achifanizo chachikulu cha mkuwazomwe zidzawonjezera kukongola kwa nyumba yanu kapena ofesi, ndiye fano la Davide ndi njira yabwino.

• WOGANIZIRA

(Woganiza)

The Thinker ndichosema chachikulu cha mkuwandi Auguste Rodin, nthawi zambiri amaikidwa pamwala. Ntchitoyi ikuwonetsa munthu wamaliseche wamwamuna waukulu wa ngwazi atakhala pamwala. Akuwoneka atatsamira, chigongono chake chakumanja chili pantchafu yake yakumanzere, atagwira kulemera kwa chibwano kumbuyo kwa dzanja lake lamanja. Maonekedwe ndi amodzi mwa malingaliro ozama ndi kulingalira, ndipo chibolibolicho nthawi zambiri chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chithunzi choyimira filosofi. Rodin adatenga chithunzichi ngati gawo la ntchito yake ya The Gates of Hell yomwe idatumizidwa mu 1880, koma koyamba mwazojambula zamkuwa zodziwika bwino zidapangidwa mu 1904 ndipo tsopano zikuwonetsedwa ku Musée Rodin, ku Paris.

Chitsanzo cha chosema ichi, monga ntchito zina za Rodin, anali wopambana mphoto ya ku France komanso womenyana ndi Jean Baud, yemwe nthawi zambiri ankawoneka m'chigawo chofiira. Jean Baud adawonetsedwanso pa 1911 Swiss 50 franc note yolembedwa ndi Hodler. Choyambirira chili ku Musée Rodin ku Paris. Chojambulacho chili ndi kutalika kwa masentimita 72, chinali chopangidwa ndi bronze, ndipo chinali chitapendekedwa bwino ndi kupukutidwa. Ntchitoyi ikuwonetsa munthu wamaliseche wamwamuna waukulu wa ngwazi yemwe ali wovuta, wolimbitsa thupi, komanso wokhazikika, akuganizira zochita ndi tsogolo la anthu atakhala pathanthwe.

The Thinker ndi chimodzi mwa ziboliboli zodziwika kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Zapangidwanso m'njira zosawerengeka, kuchokera ku zifanizo zazing'ono kupita ku ntchito zazikulu zapagulu. Ndi chimodzi mwa ziboliboli za Bronze zogulitsidwa kwambiri. Chiboliboli ndi chizindikiro champhamvu cha malingaliro, kulingalira, ndi kulenga. Ndi chikumbutso kuti tonsefe ndife okhoza kuchita zinthu zazikulu ngati tingotenga nthawi yoganiza.

The Thinker ndi kusankha kotchuka kwa achifanizo chachikulu cha mkuwaza luso la anthu. Yakhazikitsidwa m'mapaki, minda, ndi malo ena opezeka anthu ambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Chifanizirocho ndi chikumbutso chakuti tonsefe ndife okhoza kuchita zinthu zazikulu ngati tingotenga nthawi yoganiza.

• NG'OMBE YOLIMBIKITSA

Bull Charging, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti Bowling Green Bull kapena Wall Street Bull, ndi chosema cha mkuwa chojambulidwa ndi Arturo Di Modica. Idapangidwa mu 1989 ndipo ili ku Bowling Green, Manhattan, New York City.

(Ng'ombe Yokwera)

Chosema ndi chizindikiro cha chiyembekezo chandalama ndi chitukuko. Ikuwonetsa ng'ombe, chizindikiro cha msika wogulitsa, ikupita patsogolo. Ng’ombeyi ndi yautali pafupifupi mamita 3.4 ndipo imalemera makilogilamu 3,200. Amapangidwa ndi mkuwa ndipo amaponyedwa mu njira yotayika ya sera.

Bull Charging poyambirira idayikidwa kutsogolo kwa New York Stock Exchange pa Disembala 15, 1989, ngati mphatso yodabwitsa ku mzindawu. Pambuyo pake idasamutsidwira ku Bowling Green, komwe idakhalako kuyambira pamenepo. Chosemacho chasanduka malo otchuka oyendera alendo ndipo nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati maziko a zithunzi.

Bull Charging ndi chizindikiro champhamvu champhamvu zachuma komanso kulimba mtima. Ndi chikumbutso kuti ngakhale titakumana ndi mavuto, chuma cha America chidzakhalapobe.

Bull yolipira yakhala nkhani yotsutsana kwambiri. Anthu ena adzudzula chibolibolicho kuti n’chokhudza kugonana komanso kulimbikitsa chiwawa. Ena amanena kuti chosemacho ndi chizindikiro cha umbombo ndi mopambanitsa. Komabe, Bull Charging ikadali chizindikiro chodziwika cha New York City komanso chuma cha America.

Kwa iwo omwe ali ndi chidwi ndi zophiphiritsa komanso kukopa kwa Bull Charging, kukhala ndi chiboliboli chamkuwa chazithunzi zodziwika bwinozi ndi mwayi woyamikirika.Artisan Studioamaperekaziboliboli zamkuwa zogulitsidwa, kulola okonda kubweretsa mphamvu ndi nyonga za Wall Street m'malo awo.

Kuyika ndalama pachiboliboli chamkuwa cha The Charging Bull kumalola anthu kukumbatira mphamvu zophiphiritsira ndi kutsimikiza komwe kumayimira pomwe akuwonjezera kukongola kwaluso kumadera awo. Kaya amawonetsedwa m'nyumba, ofesi, kapena malo a anthu onse, chojambula chamkuwachi chimakhala chokopa kwambiri, cholimbikitsa kupambana ndi kulimba mtima kwa onse omwe amachiwona.

• MANKEN PIS

(Manneken Pis)

Manneken Pis ndi chizindikiro cha 55.5 cm (21.9 mu) chojambula cha kasupe wamkuwa pakatikati pa Brussels, Belgium, chosonyeza puer mingens; kamnyamata kakang'ono kamaliseche kakukodzera m'beseni la kasupe. Ngakhale kuti kukhalapo kwake kumatsimikiziridwa kale chapakati pa zaka za m'ma 1500, inakonzedwanso ndi wosemasema wa ku Brabantine Jérôme Duquesnoy Wamkulu ndi kukhazikitsidwa mu 1618 kapena 1619. Miyala yake ya miyala ya rocaille inayamba mu 1770

Manneken Pis akhala akubedwa mobwerezabwereza kapena kuwonongeka m'mbiri yake yonse. Inabedwa koyamba mu 1619, patangopita zaka ziwiri kuchokera pamene idakhazikitsidwa. Anapezekanso patatha masiku ochepa, ndipo kuyambira nthawi imeneyo akhala akubedwa maulendo 13. Mu 1965, chifanizirocho chinabedwa ndi gulu la ophunzira omwe anafuna dipo la 1 miliyoni francs ku Belgian. Chibolibolicho chinabwezedwa popanda kuvulazidwa patatha masiku angapo.

Manneken Pis ndi malo otchuka okopa alendo ndipo amawonetsedwa m'mafilimu ambiri ndi makanema apawayilesi. Ndichikumbutso chodziwika bwino, ndipo pali zofananira zambiri zachiboliboli chamkuwa chogulitsidwa.

Manneken Pis ndi chizindikiro cha Brussels ndi Belgium. Ndi chikumbutso cha nthabwala za mzindawu ndi mbiri yake yotsutsana ndi zovuta.

Kaya amawonetsedwa m'munda, m'bwalo la anthu onse, kapena m'malo osungira anthu payekha, chojambula chamkuwachi chimakhala chosangalatsa kwambiri, kuseka ndikuwonjezera kukhudza kwabwino pazochitika zilizonse. Mannekis Pis ilipochiboliboli chamkuwa chogulitsidwazopangidwa ndi osema ndi opanga ambiri otchuka. Zabwino mwa izo ndiArtisan Studio,Wamisiriali ndi mbiri yabwino kwambiri yokhudzana ndi khalidwe ndi kalembedwe ka ntchito pakati pa makampani onse amkuwa

Kuyika ndalama mu achifanizo chachikulu cha mkuwaa Manneken Pis amalola munthu kukondwerera chisangalalo ndi kusalemekeza zomwe zili nazo. Landirani mzimu wa Manneken Pis ndi mawonekedwe ake ochititsa chidwi amkuwa, ndipo phatikizani malo ozungulira anu ndi chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe cha Brussels.

• MAMA

Maman ndi chosema chachikulu cha mkuwa chojambulidwa ndi Louise Bourgeois. Ndi kangaude, kutalika kwa mapazi 30 ndi kupitirira mapazi 33 m'lifupi. Mulinso thumba lomwe lili ndi mazira 32 a nsangalabwi ndipo mimba yake ndi thorax ndizopangidwa ndi nthiti zamkuwa.

(Amayi, Ottawa)

Chojambulachi chinapangidwa mu 1999 ndipo pakali pano chikuwonetsedwa ku Guggenheim Museum ku New York City. Mutuwu ndi liwu lodziwika bwino lachifalansa la Amayi (mofanana ndi Amayi). Chojambulachi chinapangidwa mu 1999 ndi Bourgeois monga gawo la ntchito yake yotsegulira Unilever Series (2000), mu Turbine Hall ku London's Tate Modern.

Chojambulacho chimatenga mutu wa arachnid umene Bourgeois adayamba kuuganizira mu inki yaing'ono ndi makala ojambulidwa mu 1947, akupitiriza ndi 1996 sculpture Spider. Amanena za mphamvu ya amayi a Bourgeois, ndi mafanizo a kupota, kuluka, kulera ndi chitetezo. Amayi ake, a Josephine, anali mayi yemwe amakonza zomangira pamisonkhano ya abambo ake yokonzanso nsalu ku Paris. Pamene Bourgeois anali ndi zaka makumi awiri ndi chimodzi, amayi ake anamwalira ndi matenda osadziwika.

Maman adawonetsedwa m'mizinda yayikulu padziko lonse lapansi, kuphatikiza Tokyo, Seoul, Hong Kong, ndi Sydney. Yatamandidwa ndi otsutsa chifukwa cha mphamvu zake ndi kukongola kwake. Chibolibolichi akudzudzulidwanso chifukwa cha kukula kwake komanso chithunzi cha mkazi ngati kangaude.

Ngakhale amatsutsidwa, Maman akadali wojambula wotchuka komanso wodziwika bwino. Ndi chikumbutso champhamvu cha mphamvu ndi kulimba kwa amayi.

Ziboliboli zazikulu zamkuwa za Maman zilipo zogulitsidwa kuchokera kwa ogulitsa angapo pa intaneti. Zabwino mwa izo ndiArtisan Studio, Lumikizanani nawo ngati mukufuna chithunzi cha fano lodziwika bwinoli

• BRONZE MAN NDI CENTAUR

(Bronze Man ndi Centaur, Metropolitan Museum of Arts)

Bronze Man ndi Centaur ndi chosema cha mkuwa cha 8th BC, chopangidwa ku Greece chapakati pa zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chitatu BC, munthawi ya Archaic Greece. Tsopano ili m'gulu la Metropolitan Museum of Art. Chibolibolicho chinali mphatso ya J. Pierpont Morgan atamwalira ataperekedwa ku Metropolitan Museum mu 1917.

Chibolibolicho ndi chaching'ono, mainchesi 4 3/8 (11.1 cm) wamtali, chithunzi cha munthu ndi centaur pankhondo. Mwamunayo akugwira mkondo, pamene centaur ali ndi lupanga. Bamboyo ndi wamtali pang'ono kuposa centaur, ndipo akuwoneka kuti akumenya centaur.

Chosemacho chimapangidwa ndi mkuwa, ndipo chimaponyedwa mu njira yotayika ya sera. Chibolibolicho chili bwino, koma chikuwonetsa zizindikiro zina zakuwonongeka. Mkondo wa munthuyo ulibe, ndipo lupanga la centaur lawonongeka.

Bronze Man ndi Centaur ndi chitsanzo chosowa komanso chofunikira chazojambula zakale zachi Greek. Ndi chimodzi mwa ziboliboli zochepa zomwe zatsala za nthawi ya Archaic, ndipo zimapereka chithunzithunzi cha chitukuko choyambirira cha luso lachi Greek.

Chojambulachi ndi chofunikiranso chifukwa chikuwonetsa munthu ndi centaur akumenyana. Centaur anali zolengedwa zongopeka zomwe zinali theka-munthu ndi theka-hatchi. Nthawi zambiri ankawonetsedwa ngati zolengedwa zachiwawa komanso zankhanza, ndipo nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chizindikiro cha chisokonezo ndi chisokonezo.

Chithunzi cha munthu ndi centaur akumenya nkhondo chikusonyeza kuti Agiriki ankawona kuti centaurs inali yoopseza chitukuko chawo. Agiriki anali anthu otukuka kwambiri, ndipo ankaona kuti dongosolo ndi mgwirizano n’zofunika kwambiri. Komano, ma centaurs ankawoneka ngati mphamvu yachisokonezo ndi chisokonezo.

Bronze Man ndi Centaur ndi chikumbutso champhamvu cha mkangano pakati pa dongosolo ndi chipwirikiti, chitukuko ndi kusamvana. Ndi chikumbutso chakuti ngakhale m’madera otukuka kwambiri, nthaŵi zonse mungakhale chiwawa ndi chipwirikiti.

Mapeto

Pomaliza, mbiri ya ziboliboli zamkuwa ndi umboni wokhalitsa wamtunduwu. Kuyambira pomwe idachokera ku zitukuko zakale mpaka kutchuka kwake masiku ano, chosema chamkuwa chakopa ndikulimbikitsa mibadwo. Kukongola, mphamvu, ndi kusinthasintha kwa bronze monga zinthu zapangitsa akatswiri m'mbiri yonse kupanga ntchito zabwino kwambiri zomwe zimapirira nthawi. Kaya ndi zojambulajambula zakale za ku Girisi kapena kutanthauzira kwamakono kwa akatswiri amakono, chosema chamkuwa chikupitirizabe kuyamikiridwa chifukwa cha kuthekera kwake kufotokoza zakukhosi, kujambula zochitika m'mbiri, ndi kusiya chidwi chosatha kwa iwo omwe amayamikira luso lake.