Fufuzani Ntchito Za Ojambula Amakono Amene Akukankhira Malire A Zojambula Zamkuwa Ndi Njira Zatsopano Ndi Malingaliro.

Mawu Oyamba

Chojambula chamkuwa, chomwe chili ndi mbiri yakale komanso kukopa kwake kosatha, chikuyimira umboni wa zomwe anthu achita mwaluso m'zaka zonse. Kuyambira kalekale, mkuwa wakhala wamtengo wapatali chifukwa cha kukhalitsa, kusinthasintha, komanso kukongola kwake, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale njira yabwino yopangira zojambula zamagulu atatu.

Luso la ziboliboli za mkuwa linayambira ku Mesopotamiya, Igupto, ndi Girisi wakale, kumene kunafalikira monga njira yopangira milungu, olamulira, ndi ngwazi zosakhoza kufa. Amisiri aluso anajambula mwaluso ziboliboli zamkuwa, zomwe zimajambula zenizeni za anthu awo ndi zenizeni zenizeni komanso mwatsatanetsatane. Zosemasema zimenezi zinatumikira monga zisonyezero za mphamvu, kudzipereka kwachipembedzo, ndi chizindikiritso cha chikhalidwe, zimene zinasiya chizindikiro chosakanika m’mbiri ya anthu.

(Kutengeka mu Bronze | Coderch & Malavia)

M'kupita kwa zaka, ziboliboli za mkuwa zinapitirizabe kusintha ndi kuzolowerana ndi mayendedwe ndi masitayelo atsopano. M'nthawi ya Renaissance, ojambula ngati Donatello ndi Michelangelo adatsitsimutsanso njira zamakedzana zopangira mkuwa, kukweza sing'anga kupita kumtunda watsopano waukadaulo ndi luso. Nyengo za Baroque ndi Neoclassical zidapititsa patsogolo kutchuka kwa ziboliboli zamkuwa, ndi akatswiri ojambula ngati Gian Lorenzo Bernini ndi Antonio Canova akukankhira malire a mawu ndi malingaliro.

Ojambula amakono alandira ziboliboli zamkuwa monga njira yomwe imagwirizanitsa miyambo ndi luso. Amafufuza mitundu yatsopano, kuyesa malingaliro osamveka, ndikutsutsa malire a zomwe zingatheke. Kupyolera mu luso lawo la kulenga ndi luso, osema amenewa akupitirizabe kupuma moyo kukhala mkuwa, akumawonjezera ntchito zawo ndi kuya, kapangidwe, ndi nkhani.

Kukopa kosalekeza kwa chosema cha mkuwa kwagona m’kukhoza kwake kukopa malingaliro ndi kudzutsa malingaliro osiyanasiyana. Kukhalapo kwake kowoneka bwino komanso mawonekedwe ake owoneka bwino amakopa owonera, kuwapempha kuti alingalire mawonekedwe amunthu, afufuze malingaliro osamveka, kapena kuwunikira zovuta zomwe anthu amakumana nazo. Kaya zikuwonetsa zenizeni kapena zongoyerekeza, zosemasema zamkuwa zimakhala ndi zokopa zosatsutsika zomwe zimadutsa nthawi komanso zimakopa anthu ku mibadwomibadwo.

(Deep Water | Philip WakeMan)

Masiku ano, ojambula amkuwa amasiku ano akupitirizabe kupanga malo aluso ndi luso lawo la mawonekedwe, kufufuza kwawo kwa zipangizo, ndi malingaliro awo apadera. Zolengedwa zawo zimatipempha kuti tizilumikizana ndi zakale, tilingalire zamasiku ano, ndikuwona zamtsogolo, kuwonetsetsa kuti chosema chamkuwa chikhalabe chojambula chokondedwa komanso chodziwika bwino m'dziko lathu lamakono.

Zochitika zamakono ndi zamakono muzojambula zamkuwa

Chojambula chamakono cha bronze chimakhala ndi machitidwe ndi njira zosiyanasiyana, pomwe akatswiri amaphatikiza mwaluso njira zachikhalidwe ndi zatsopano kuti apange ntchito zokopa. Kuphatikizika kwachikale ndi kwatsopano kumeneku kumapangitsa moyo watsopano kukhala waluso, wosangalatsa kwa osonkhanitsa ndi okonda zaluso chimodzimodzi. Kuchokeraziboliboli zazikulu zamkuwaku tizidutswa tating'ono tomwe tingagulitse, ziboliboli izi zikuwonetsa kusinthika komanso kusinthasintha kwa bronze ngati sing'anga.

Muzojambula zamkuwa zamakono, akatswiri ojambula nthawi zambiri amafufuza mitu yachidule komanso yamalingaliro, ndikukankhira malire a mawonekedwe ndi mafotokozedwe. Amayesa ndi mawonekedwe osagwirizana, zolemba zamphamvu, ndi njira zoyesera zoyesera, kutsutsa malingaliro achikhalidwe azosema. Zatsopanozi zimabweretsa zojambulajambula zochititsa chidwi komanso zopatsa chidwi zomwe zimakopa owonera.

Pomwe akulandira luso lazopangapanga, akatswiri ambiri amakopekanso ndi luso lakale komanso mbiri yakale. Amapereka ulemu ku miyambo yolemera ya ziboliboli zamkuwa, kuphatikizapo luso loyengedwa bwino komanso kusamalitsa tsatanetsatane. Kuphatikizika kwakale ndi kwatsopano kumeneku kumapangitsa kukambirana pakati pa zakale ndi zamakono, kulola ziboliboli zamasiku ano zamkuwa kulumikizana ndi mbiri yakale pomwe zikupereka malingaliro atsopano.

Kuphatikiza apo, kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo kwakhudza ziboliboli zamasiku ano zamkuwa. Ojambula amagwiritsa ntchito zida za digito monga kusanthula ndi kusindikiza kwa 3D kuti apange zojambula zotsogola, zomwe zimawathandiza kuyesa mitundu yovuta komanso kulongosola mwatsatanetsatane. Njira za digitozi zimakulitsa luso komanso kulondola popanga ziboliboli zamkuwa, zomwe zimathandizira kukwaniritsidwa kwa mapangidwe apamwamba komanso ovuta.

Kupezeka kwaziboliboli zazikulu zamkuwandiziboliboli zamkuwa zogulitsidwazikuwonetsa msika wosiyanasiyana wazosema zamkuwa zamakono. Osonkhanitsa ndi okonda zojambulajambula amatha kufufuza masitayelo, mitu, ndi makulidwe osiyanasiyana, kuwapangitsa kuti azifikirika ndi anthu ambiri. Kaya zimawonetsedwa m'malo opezeka anthu ambiri, zosonkhanitsidwa zachinsinsi, kapena m'magalasi, ziboliboli zamasiku ano zamkuwa zimapitilirabe kukopa ndi kulimbikitsa owonera, zomwe zikuwonetsa luso la akatswiri ojambula omwe amayendetsa mwaluso m'mbali mwa miyambo ndi luso.

Ojambula Odziwika Amakono a Bronze

• ANISH KAPOOR

Anish Kapoor ndi wosemasema waku Britain-Indian yemwe amagwira ntchito makamaka mu bronze. Ziboliboli zake nthawi zambiri zimakhala zazikulu komanso zowoneka bwino, ndipo nthawi zambiri amafufuza mitu ya mlengalenga, kuwala, ndi kuwunikira. Kapoor ndi m'modzi mwa osema odziwika komanso olemekezeka omwe amagwira ntchito masiku ano.

Zina mwa ziboliboli zodziwika bwino za Kapoor zamkuwa ndi "Untitled (1989)", "Cloud Gate (2006)", ndi "Leviathan (2011)". Ziboliboli zonsezi zimadziwika ndi kukula kwake kwakukulu, mawonekedwe ake osalala, onyezimira, komanso luso lawo lopanga zowonera.

Ntchito za Kapoor zawonetsedwa m'malo osungiramo zinthu zakale zazikulu ndi magalasi padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo wapambana mphoto zambiri, kuphatikiza Mphotho ya Turner mu 1991. Iye ndi wojambula wapadera komanso woyambirira, ndipo ntchito yake ikupitirizabe kutsutsa ndi kulimbikitsa owonera.

(Anish Kapoor's Untitled)

• Mbiri ya TONY CRAGG

Tony Cragg ndi wosemasema waku Britain yemwe amagwira ntchito makamaka mkuwa. Ziboliboli zake nthawi zambiri zimakhala zowoneka bwino komanso zowoneka bwino, ndipo amafufuza za chilengedwe, thupi, komanso chilengedwe. Cragg ndi m'modzi mwa osema ofunikira kwambiri omwe amagwira ntchito masiku ano, ndipo ntchito yake ikuwonetsedwa m'malo osungiramo zinthu zakale ndi m'magalasi padziko lonse lapansi.

Zina mwazojambula zake zodziwika bwino ndi "Terracotta Heads" (1983), "Torso" (1986), ndi "Terris Novalis" (1992). Ntchito ya Cragg imadziwika ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zomwe zapezeka, mitundu yake yolimba mtima, komanso kusewera komanso kuseketsa. Iye ndi katswiri wosintha zinthu za tsiku ndi tsiku kukhala ntchito zaluso zomwe zimakopa chidwi komanso zolimbikitsa mwaluntha.

(Padziko Lapansi, Mwachilolezo cha Lisson Gallery)

• HENRY MOORE

(Maquette: Spindle Piece)

Henry Moore anali wosema wa ku Britain yemwe amadziwika bwino chifukwa cha ziboliboli zake zazikuluzikulu zamkuwa. Ntchito zake nthawi zambiri zimakhala zongoyerekezera za munthu, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimawonetsa mayi ndi mwana kapena akutsamira. Zojambula zamkuwa za Moore zimadziwika ndi mawonekedwe ake, malo opanda kanthu, ndi malo osalala. Iye anali m’modzi mwa anthu osema amphamvu kwambiri a m’zaka za m’ma 1900, ndipo ntchito yake idakali yotchuka mpaka pano.

• KIKI SMITH

Kiki Smith, wojambula wotchuka wamakono, wathandizira kwambiri pazithunzi za bronze. Zodziŵika chifukwa chofufuza thupi la munthu ndi zizindikiro zake, ziboliboli za mkuwa za Smith nthawi zambiri zimasonyeza ziwerengero zamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kusintha kapena kusatetezeka. Ntchito zake zimakhala ndi kufooka, kutengeka mtima, komanso kulumikizana kwambiri ndi chilengedwe komanso uzimu. Ndi chidwi chake chatsatanetsatane komanso kuthekera kophatikiza ziboliboli zake ndi nkhani zozama, Kiki Smith adadziwonetsa yekha ngati wosema wamkuwa wodabwitsa wamasiku ano, wokopa omvera ndi zida zake zopatsa chidwi komanso zokopa chidwi.

(Zogwirizana ndi chikhalidwe chake)

• ARTIS LANE

Artis Lane ndi wojambula wotchuka wamakono wamkuwa wodziwika ndi ntchito zake zamphamvu komanso zopatsa chidwi. Ndi ntchito yomwe yatenga zaka makumi angapo, Lane wadziŵika chifukwa cha luso lake lojambula zofunikira za anthu ake mu bronze.

Ziboliboli zake zimakhala ndi malingaliro odabwitsa a zenizeni ndi kuya, zomwe zimakopa owonera pamlingo wamalingaliro. Luso la Lane pamawonekedwe ake komanso kusamala mwatsatanetsatane zimamulola kutulutsa moyo muzolengedwa zake, zomwe zimadzutsa kulumikizana komanso kudziwikiratu. Zopereka zake pazithunzi zamasiku ano zamkuwa zalimbitsa malo ake ngati wojambula wotchuka komanso wodziwika bwino pazaluso.

(Bust of Sojourner Truth)