Mawu Oyamba

Ziboliboli zazikulu zamkuwaali ndi ntchito zaluso zomwe zimachititsa chidwi. Nthawi zambiri amakhala akulu kapena akulu, ndipo ukulu wawo ndi wosatsutsika. Ziboliboli izi, zopangidwa kuchokera ku chitsulo chosungunula chamkuwa ndi malata, Bronze, zimadziwika ndi kukhalitsa kwake komanso kukongola kwake.

Ziboliboli zazikulu zamkuwa zakhala zikupangidwa kwa zaka mazana ambiri, ndipo zimapezeka m'malo opezeka anthu ambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito kukumbukira zochitika zofunika kapena anthu, ndipo amathanso kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuwonjezera kukongola kwa mawonekedwe amzinda mosavuta.

Ukawona chosema chamkuwa chachikulu kwambiri, sikovuta kuti usachite mantha ndi kukula kwake ndi mphamvu zake. Ziboliboli izi ndi umboni wa mzimu wa munthu ndipo zimatilimbikitsa kulota zazikulu.

Kufunika Kwa Mbiri Yakale ya Zosema Ma Monumental

Ziboliboli zazikuluzikulu zimakhala ndi tanthauzo lalikulu m'mbiri ya zitukuko zosiyanasiyana, zomwe zimagwira ntchito ngati ziwonetsero zowoneka bwino zachikhalidwe, zipembedzo, ndi ndale. Kuyambira m’maiko akale monga Igupto, Mesopotamiya, ndi Girisi mpaka ku Nyengo Yatsopano ndi kupitirira apo, ziboliboli zazikuluzikulu zasiya chizindikiro chosadziŵika m’mbiri ya anthu. Ziboliboli zazikuluzikulu zimakhala ndi tanthauzo lalikulu m'mbiri ya zitukuko zosiyanasiyana, zomwe zimagwira ntchito ngati ziwonetsero zowoneka bwino zachikhalidwe, zipembedzo, ndi ndale. Kuyambira m’maiko akale monga Igupto, Mesopotamiya, ndi Girisi mpaka ku Nyengo Yatsopano ndi kupitirira apo, ziboliboli zazikuluzikulu zasiya chizindikiro chosadziŵika m’mbiri ya anthu.

Bronze, wodziwika chifukwa cha mphamvu zake, kulimba kwake, komanso kusinthika kwake, akhala akuyamikiridwa kwa nthawi yayitali popanga ntchito zazikuluzikuluzi. Makhalidwe ake achilengedwe ankathandiza osemasema akale kuumba ndi kuumba ziboliboli zazikulu zomwe zinakhalapo mpaka kalekale. Kupangako kunaphatikizapo luso laluso ndi ukatswiri, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti pakhale ziboliboli zazikuluzikulu zamkuwa zomwe zinakhala zizindikiro zosatha za mphamvu, zauzimu, ndi luso laluso.

Kugwirizana kwa bronze ndi zikumbukiro kutha kuwonedwa m'zinthu zodziwika bwino monga Colossus of Rhodes, ziboliboli zamkuwa za mafumu akale aku China, ndi David wa Michelangelo. Zolengedwa zochititsa mantha zimenezi, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimaposa kuchuluka kwa anthu, zinkasonyeza mphamvu ndi ukulu wa maufumu, milungu yodziwika bwino, kapena anthu ena ofunika kwambiri omwe sanafe.

Mbiri yakale ya ziboliboli zazikuluzikulu zamkuwa sizimangokhalira kukhalapo komanso m'nkhani komanso mfundo zomwe zimayimira. Zimagwira ntchito ngati zinthu zachikhalidwe, zomwe zimapereka chithunzithunzi chazikhulupiliro, kukongola, ndi zokhumba za anthu otukuka akale. Masiku ano, ziboliboli zazikuluzikuluzi zimalimbikitsa ndi kuganiza mozama, kuthetsa kusiyana pakati pa anthu akale ndi amakono ndikutikumbutsa za cholowa chathu chopangidwa mwaluso.

Zojambula Zodziwika bwino za Bronze

Tiyeni tione zina mwa ziboliboli za Monumental Bronze zomwe zachititsa chidwi kwambiri kuposa kukula kwake m’mitima ndi m’maganizo mwa anthu amene amaziona;

• Colossus wa Rhodes
• The Statue of Liberty
• Buddha Wamkulu wa Kamakura
• Chifaniziro cha Umodzi
• Spring Temple Buddha

Colossus of Rhodes (c. 280 BCE, Rhodes, Greece)

Colossus wa Rhodes anali aChifaniziro Chachikulu cha Bronzewa mulungu wa dzuwa wachi Greek Helios, womangidwa mumzinda wakale wachi Greek wa Rhodes pachilumba cha Greek cha dzina lomweli. Chimodzi mwa Zodabwitsa Zisanu ndi Ziwiri Zapadziko Lakale, idamangidwa kuti ikondwerere chitetezo chopambana cha Rhodes City motsutsana ndi kuwukira kwa Demetrius Poliorcetes, yemwe adauzungulira kwa chaka chimodzi ndi gulu lankhondo lalikulu komanso apanyanja.

Colossus of Rhodes inali pafupifupi mikono 70, kapena mamita 33 (mamita 108) kutalika - pafupifupi kutalika kwa Statue of Liberty yamakono kuchokera kumapazi kupita ku korona - kupangitsa kukhala chifaniziro chachitali kwambiri padziko lapansi. Anapangidwa ndi mkuwa ndi chitsulo ndipo akuti ankalemera pafupifupi matani 30,000.

Colossus of Rhodes inamalizidwa mu 280 BC ndipo inaima kwa zaka zoposa 50 isanawonongedwe ndi chivomezi mu 226 BC. Colossus yomwe idagwa idasiyidwa m'malo mpaka 654 CE pomwe asitikali aku Arabia adaukira Rhodes ndikuphwanya chibolibolicho ndipo mkuwawo adagulitsidwa ngati zinyalala.

(Kumasulira kwa Artist of The Colossus of Rhodes)

Colossus of Rhodes anali chojambula chamkuwa kwambiri. Chinaima patsinde la makona atatu lomwe linali lalitali pafupifupi mamita 15 (mamita 49), ndipo fanolo linali lalikulu kwambiri moti miyendo yake inali yotambasulidwa motalikirana mofanana ndi m’lifupi mwa dokolo. Ankanenedwa kuti mtsinje wa Colossus unali wautali kwambiri moti ngalawa zinkadutsa m’miyendo yake.

Chinthu china chochititsa chidwi cha Colossus of Rhodes chinali momwe anamangidwira. Chibolibolicho chinali chopangidwa ndi mbale zamkuwa zomwe ankazimanga ndi chitsulo chachitsulo. Izi zinapangitsa kuti fanolo likhale lowala kwambiri, ngakhale kuti linali lalikulu.

Colossus wa Rhodes ndi chimodzi mwa zozizwitsa zodziwika kwambiri padziko lapansi. Icho chinali chizindikiro cha mphamvu ndi chuma cha Rhodes, ndipo chinalimbikitsa ojambula ndi olemba kwa zaka mazana ambiri. Kuwonongeka kwa chibolibolicho kunali kutaya kwakukulu, koma cholowa chake chikupitirizabe. Colossus ya Rhodes imatengedwabe kuti ndi imodzi mwazinthu zazikulu kwambiri zaumisiri padziko lapansi, ndipo ikadali chizindikiro cha luntha la anthu komanso kufunitsitsa kutchuka.

The Statue of Liberty (1886, New York, USA)

(Chipilala chaufulu)

The Statue of Liberty ndi chosema chambiri cha neoclassical pa Liberty Island ku New York Harbor ku New York City, ku United States. Chifaniziro chamkuwa, mphatso yochokera kwa anthu a ku France kupita kwa anthu a ku United States, chinapangidwa ndi wosemasema wa ku France Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi ndipo chimango chake chachitsulo chinamangidwa ndi Gustave Eiffel. Chifanizirocho chinaperekedwa pa October 28, 1886.

The Statue of Liberty ndi chimodzi mwa zizindikiro zodziwika bwino padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo ndi malo otchuka oyendera alendo. Ndi wautali mamita 46 kuchokera pansi mpaka pamwamba pa nyaliyo, ndipo imalemera mapaundi 450,000 (204,144 kg). Chibolibolicho chinapangidwa ndi mapepala amkuwa omwe ankasundidwa ndi nyundo kenako n’kulungidwa pamodzi. Mkuwa wakhala ndi okosijeni pakapita nthawi kuti fanolo likhale lobiriwira patina

The Statue of Liberty ili ndi zinthu zingapo zosangalatsa. Nyali yomwe wanyamula ndi chizindikiro cha kuwala, ndipo poyambirira idayatsidwa ndi lawi la gasi. Phale limene iye wanyamula kumanzere kwake lili ndi tsiku la Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1776. Korona wa fanolo ali ndi spikes zisanu ndi ziwiri, zomwe zikuimira nyanja zisanu ndi ziwiri ndi makontinenti asanu ndi awiri.

The Statue of Liberty ndi chizindikiro champhamvu cha ufulu ndi demokalase. Lalandira anthu mamiliyoni ambiri osamukira ku United States, ndipo likupitilizabe kulimbikitsa anthu padziko lonse lapansi.

Buddha Wamkulu wa Kamakura (1252, Kamakura, Japan)

Buddha Wamkulu wa Kamakura (Kamakura Daibutsu) ndi achifanizo chachikulu cha mkuwaAmida Buddha, omwe ali mu kachisi wa Kotoku ku Kamakura, Japan. Ndi amodzi mwa malo odziwika kwambiri ku Japan ndipo ndi malo a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

(Great Buddha waku Kamakura)

Fanoli ndi lalitali mamita 13.35 (43.8 ft) ndipo limalemera matani 93 (matani 103). Idaponyedwa mu 1252, nthawi ya Kamakura, ndipo ndi chifanizo chachiwiri chachikulu cha bronze cha Buddha ku Japan, pambuyo pa Buddha wamkulu waku Nara.

Chibolibolicho n’chopanda kanthu, ndipo alendo amatha kukwera m’katimo kuti akaone m’kati mwake. Mkati mwake amakongoletsedwa ndi zojambula za Chibuda ndi ziboliboli.

Chimodzi mwazinthu zosangalatsa kwambiri za Buddha Wamkulu ndi momwe adapangidwira. Chifanizirocho chinaponyedwa mu chidutswa chimodzi, chomwe chinali chovuta kwambiri kukwaniritsa panthawiyo. Chifanizirocho chinaponyedwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira yotayika ya sera, yomwe ndi yovuta komanso yowononga nthawi.

Buddha Wamkulu wa Kamakura ndi chuma cha dziko la Japan ndipo ndi malo otchuka oyendera alendo. Chifanizirochi ndi chikumbutso cha mbiri yakale ndi chikhalidwe cha Japan ndipo ndi chizindikiro cha mtendere ndi bata.
Nazi zina zosangalatsa za Buddha Wamkulu wa Kamakura:

Chibolibolicho ndi cha mkuwa chomwe chinasungunuka kuchokera ku ndalama za ku China. Poyamba nyumbayi inkamangidwa muholo yakachisi, koma holoyo inawonongedwa ndi tsunami mu 1498. Chibolibolicho chawonongeka ndi zivomezi ndi mphepo yamkuntho kwa zaka zambiri, koma chimakonzedwanso nthawi iliyonse.

Ngati muli ku Japan, onetsetsani kuti mwayendera Buddha Wamkulu wa Kamakura. Ndi chinthu chochititsa chidwi kwambiri komanso chikumbutso cha kukongola ndi mbiri ya Japan.

The Statue of Unity (2018, Gujarat, India)

The Statue of Unity ndichifanizo chachikulu cha mkuwaa Vallabhbhai Patel (1875-1950), yemwe anali wachiwiri kwa nduna yayikulu komanso nduna yamkati ya India wodziyimira pawokha komanso wotsatira Mahatma Gandhi. Chifanizirochi chili ku Gujarat, India, pamtsinje wa Narmada m'chigawo cha Kevadiya, moyang'anizana ndi Damu la Sardar Sarovar makilomita 100 (62 mi) kumwera chakum'mawa kwa mzinda wa Vadodara.

Ndilo chiboliboli chachitali kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, chokhala ndi kutalika kwa 182 metres (597 ft), ndipo chaperekedwa ku gawo la Patel pakugwirizanitsa maiko 562 akalonga aku India kukhala Union of India imodzi.

(Statue of Unity)

Chifaniziro chachikulu cha mkuwa chinamangidwa ndi chitsanzo cha Public Private Partnership, ndipo ndalama zambiri zimachokera ku Boma la Gujarat. Ntchito yomanga chifanizirochi inayamba m’chaka cha 2013 ndipo inamalizidwa mu 2018. Chibolibolichi chinakhazikitsidwa pa 31 October 2018, pa tsiku lokumbukira kubadwa kwa Patel kwa zaka 143.

Chifaniziro cha Umodzi chimapangidwa ndi zokutira zamkuwa pamwamba pa chitsulo ndipo chimalemera matani 6,000. Ndilo chiboliboli chachitali kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi ndipo ndi lalitali kuposa Statue of Liberty ndi kutalika kwake kuwirikiza kawiri.

Chibolibolicho chili ndi zinthu zingapo zosangalatsa. Mwachitsanzo, ili ndi malo owonera pamwamba pamutu, omwe amapereka mawonedwe a panoramic a malo ozungulira. Chifanizirochi chilinso ndi nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale, yomwe imafotokoza mbiri ya moyo wa Patel ndi zomwe anachita.

The Statue of Unity ndi malo otchuka oyendera alendo ndipo amakopa alendo mamiliyoni ambiri chaka chilichonse. Ndi chizindikiro cha kunyada kwa dziko la India ndipo ndi chikumbutso cha ntchito ya Patel pogwirizanitsa dziko.
Nazi zina zosangalatsa za Statue of Unity:

Chibolibolicho chapangidwa ndi matani 6,000 amkuwa, omwe ndi ofanana ndi kulemera kwa njovu 500. Maziko ake ndi 57 mamita (187 ft) kuya, omwe ndi ozama ngati nyumba ya nsanjika 20.
Malo owonera ziboliboli amatha kukhala anthu opitilira 200 nthawi imodzi. Chibolibolicho chimaunikira usiku ndipo chimaoneka pa mtunda wa makilomita 30 (19 mi).

Chifaniziro cha Umodzi ndi chiboliboli chachikulu kwambiri ndipo ndi umboni wa masomphenya ndi kutsimikiza mtima kwa omwe adachimanga. Ndi chizindikiro cha kunyada kwa dziko la India ndipo ndi chikumbutso cha ntchito ya Patel pogwirizanitsa dziko.

Chifanizo cha Buddha cha Spring Temple

Spring Temple Buddha ndichifanizo chachikulu cha mkuwaa Vairocana Buddha omwe ali m'chigawo cha Henan ku China. Ndi chiboliboli chachiŵiri chachitali kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, pambuyo pa Statue of Unity ku India. Buddha wa Kachisi wa Spring amapangidwa ndi mkuwa ndipo ndi wamtali mamita 128 (420 mapazi), kuphatikizapo mpando wachifumu wa lotus umene umakhalapo. Kutalika konse kwa fanolo, kuphatikizapo mpando wachifumu, ndi mamita 208 (mamita 682). Chibolibolicho chimalemera matani 1,100.

(Spring Temple Buddha)

Buddha wa Spring Temple anamangidwa pakati pa 1997 ndi 2008. Anamangidwa ndi gulu lachi China Chan Buddhist la Fo Guang Shan. Chibolibolichi chili ku Fodushan Scenic Area, komwe ndi malo otchuka oyendera alendo ku China.

Spring Temple Buddha ndi chikhalidwe komanso chipembedzo chodziwika bwino ku China. Ndilo malo otchuka opita kwa Abuda ochokera padziko lonse lapansi. Chibolibolichi chimakopanso alendo ambiri, ndipo akuti anthu oposa 10 miliyoni amapita ku chiboliboli chaka chilichonse.

Kuphatikiza pa kukula kwake ndi kulemera kwake, Spring Temple Buddha imadziwikanso chifukwa cha zovuta zake. Nkhope ya fanolo ndi yabata ndi yamtendere, ndipo mikanjo yake ndi yokongoletsedwa bwino. Maso a chifanizirochi ndi opangidwa ndi mwala wa krustalo, ndipo amati amaonetsa kuwala kwa dzuwa ndi mwezi.

Spring Temple Buddha ndi chosema chachikulu cha mkuwa chomwe ndi umboni wa luso ndi luso la anthu aku China. Ndi chizindikiro cha mtendere, chiyembekezo, ndi kuunika, ndipo ndiyenera kuwona kwa aliyense amene abwera ku China.