Mawu Oyamba

Zosemasema zamkuwa zakhala zikuchitika kwa zaka mazana ambiri, ndipo zikupitirizabe kukhala zina mwazojambula zochititsa chidwi kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Kuyambira pa ziboliboli zazitali za ku Igupto wakale kufikira ziboliboli zosalimba za ku Girisi wakale, ziboliboli za mkuwa zakhala zikukopa chidwi cha anthu kwa zaka zikwi zambiri.

Koma bwanji za bronze zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale njira yabwino kwambiri yojambula? Kodi n’chifukwa chiyani ziboliboli zamkuwa zakhala zikugwira ntchito mpaka kalekale, pamene zinthu zina zagwera m’mbali mwa njira?

(Onani: Zithunzi Zamkuwa)

M'nkhaniyi, tiyang'anitsitsa mbiri ya ziboliboli zamkuwa, ndikuwona zifukwa zomwe zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa ojambula m'zaka zonse. Tiwonanso ziboliboli zodziwika bwino zamkuwa padziko lonse lapansi, ndikukambirana komwe mungapeze lero.

Ndiye kaya ndinu okonda zaluso zamakedzana kapena mukungofuna kudziwa mbiri ya ziboliboli zamkuwa, werengani kuti muwone mochititsa chidwi zojambulajambula zosasinthika izi.

ndipo ngati mukuyang'anaziboliboli zamkuwa zogulitsidwakwa inu, tikupatseninso malangizo amomwe mungapezere zotsatsa zabwino kwambiri.

Ndiye mukuyembekezera chiyani? Tiyeni tiyambe!

GREECE wakale

Zojambula zamkuwa zinali chimodzi mwazojambula zofunika kwambiri ku Greece wakale. Mkuwa unali wamtengo wapatali kwambiri, ndipo unagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ziboliboli zamitundumitundu, kuyambira ziboliboli zing’onozing’ono kufikira ziboliboli zazikulu. Osema a mkuwa achigiriki anali akatswiri pa ntchito yawo ndipo anapanga njira zovuta ndiponso zotsogola popanga mkuwa.

Zithunzi zakale kwambiri za mkuwa zachi Greek zodziwika bwino za nthawi ya Geometric (c. 900-700 BCE). Zithunzi zakalezi nthawi zambiri zinali zazing'ono komanso zosavuta, koma zinkasonyeza luso komanso luso lodabwitsa. Pofika m’nthawi ya m’zaka za m’ma 700 mpaka 480 B.C.E.Zithunzi zazikulu za Bronzezinali zofala, ndipo osema adatha kujambula malingaliro ndi mawu osiyanasiyana a anthu.

Zina mwa ziboliboli zodziwika bwino zamkuwa zachi Greek ndi izi:

• MIKULU YA RIACE (C. 460 BCE)

• MBAWA WA ARTEMISION (C. 460 BCE)

Njira yodziwika kwambiri yoponyera miyala yomwe anthu a ku Greece ankagwiritsa ntchito inali njira yotaya phula. Njira imeneyi inaphatikizapo kupanga chitsanzo cha sera cha chosemacho, chomwe chinachimanga ndi dongo. Dongo linkatenthedwa, lomwe linkasungunula sera ndi kusiya malo opanda dzenje m’mawonekedwe a chosemacho. Kenako mkuwa wosungunulawo ankathiridwa m’mlengalengamo, ndipo dongolo ankalichotsa kuti lionetsere chosemacho.

Zosemasema zachigiriki nthawi zambiri zinali ndi matanthauzo ophiphiritsa. Mwachitsanzo, a Doryphoros anali chifaniziro cha maonekedwe abwino aamuna, ndipo Winged Victory ya Samothrace inali chizindikiro cha chipambano. Chigrikiziboliboli zazikulu zamkuwaNthawi zambiri ankagwiritsidwa ntchito pokumbukira zochitika zofunika kwambiri kapena anthu.

EGYPT Yakale

Zojambula zamkuwa zakhala mbali ya chikhalidwe cha Aigupto kwa zaka mazana ambiri, kuyambira nthawi ya Early Dynastic Period (c. 3100-2686 BCE). Ziboliboli zimenezi nthawi zambiri zinkagwiritsidwa ntchito pa nkhani zachipembedzo kapena zamaliro, ndipo nthawi zambiri zinkapangidwa kuti zisonyeze anthu ofunika kwambiri a mbiri yakale ya ku Iguputo kapena nthano.

Zina mwa ziboliboli zodziwika bwino zamkuwa za ku Egypt zikuphatikiza

• CHINENERO CHA BRONZE CHA HORUS FALCON

• CHINENERO CHA BRONZE CHA ISIS NDI HORUS

Ziboliboli zamkuwa zidapangidwa ku Egypt pogwiritsa ntchito njira yotaya phula. Njirayi imaphatikizapo kupanga chitsanzo cha chosema kuchokera ku sera, ndiyeno kuyika chitsanzocho mu dongo. Kenako nkhunguyo imatenthedwa, yomwe imasungunula sera ndi kusiya malo opanda kanthu. Kenako mkuwa wosungunulawo amathiridwa m’dangalo, ndipo nkhunguyo amathyoledwa kuti aonetse chosemacho.

Ziboliboli zamkuwa nthawi zambiri zinkakongoletsedwa ndi zizindikiro zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo ankh (chizindikiro cha moyo), the was (chizindikiro cha mphamvu), ndi djed (chizindikiro cha bata). Zizindikirozi ankakhulupirira kuti zinali ndi mphamvu zamatsenga, ndipo nthawi zambiri zinkagwiritsidwa ntchito kuteteza ziboliboli komanso anthu omwe anali nazo.

Ziboliboli zamkuwa zikupitilizabe kutchuka masiku ano, ndipo zimapezeka m'malo osungiramo zinthu zakale komanso m'magulu achinsinsi padziko lonse lapansi. Iwo ndi umboni wa luso ndi luso la ojambula akale a ku Aigupto, ndipo akupitirizabe kulimbikitsa ojambula ndi osonkhanitsa lero.

China wakale

Chojambula chamkuwa chili ndi mbiri yayitali komanso yolemera ku China, kuyambira nthawi ya mafumu a Shang (1600-1046 BCE). Mkuwa unali wamtengo wapatali kwambiri ku China, ndipo unagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zinthu zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo zotengera zamwambo, zida, ndi ziboliboli.

Zina mwa ziboliboli zodziwika bwino zamkuwa zaku China ndi izi:

• THE DING

The Ding ndi mtundu wa zombo zitatu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamwambo. Ding nthawi zambiri ankakongoletsedwa ndi mapangidwe apamwamba, kuphatikizapo zoomorphic motifs, geometric pattern, ndi zolemba.

(Sotheby's Auction house)

• ZUN

Zun ndi mtundu wa chotengera cha vinyo chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamwambo. Nthawi zambiri ma Zun ankakongoletsedwa ndi zifaniziro za nyama, ndipo nthawi zina ankagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zombo zoperekera zakumwa.

(Chidebe cha vinyo (zun) | Metropolitan Museum of Art)

• BI

The Bi ndi mtundu wa disc womwe unkagwiritsidwa ntchito pamwambo. Ma bis nthawi zambiri amakongoletsedwa ndi mapangidwe osamveka, ndipo nthawi zina amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati magalasi.

(Etsy)

Ziboliboli zamkuwa zinkapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo njira yotayika ya sera. Njira yotayika ya sera ndi njira yovuta yomwe imaphatikizapo kupanga chitsanzo cha sera cha chosema, kuyika chitsanzo mu dongo, ndiyeno kusungunula sera kuchokera mudongo. Kenako mkuwa woyengayo amathiridwa m’chikombole chadongocho, ndipo chosemacho chimavumbulidwa nkhunguyo ikang’ambika.

Ziboliboli zamkuwa nthawi zambiri zinkakongoletsedwa ndi zithunzi zophiphiritsira. Mwachitsanzo, chinjoka chinali chizindikiro cha mphamvu ndi mphamvu, ndipo phoenix inali chizindikiro cha moyo wautali ndi kubadwanso. Zizindikiro zimenezi nthawi zambiri zinkagwiritsidwa ntchito popereka mauthenga achipembedzo kapena andale.

Ziboliboli zamkuwa zikupitilizabe kutchuka masiku ano, ndipo zimapezeka m'malo osungiramo zinthu zakale komanso m'magulu achinsinsi padziko lonse lapansi. Iwo ndi umboni wa luso lamakono ndi luso la amisiri akale a ku China, ndipo akupitirizabe kulimbikitsa ojambula ndi osonkhanitsa lero.

India wakale

Zojambula zamkuwa zakhala gawo lazojambula zaku India kwazaka zambiri, kuyambira ku Indus Valley Civilization (3300-1300 BCE). Ma bronzes oyambirirawa nthawi zambiri anali ang'onoang'ono komanso osakhwima, ndipo nthawi zambiri amawonetsa nyama kapena anthu mwachilengedwe.

Pamene chikhalidwe cha ku India chinkasinthika, momwemonso kalembedwe kazojambula zamkuwa. Munthawi ya Ufumu wa Gupta (320-550 CE), ziboliboli zamkuwa zidakhala zazikulu komanso zovuta kwambiri, ndipo nthawi zambiri zimawonetsa zipembedzo kapena ziwonetsero zochokera kunthano.

Zina mwazojambula zochokera ku India ndi izi:

• 'DANCING GIRL WA MOHENJODARO'

• THE BRONZE NATARAJA

• AMBUYE KRISHNA AKUVINELA PA NYOKA YA KALIYA